衍生金融工具会计风险问题研究

针对大多数衍生金融工具为表外业务,无法在财务报表中加以确认和计量的特点,本文讨论了衍生金融工具存在的计量风险,以及采用公允价值方法与及时信息披露方法结合对衍生金融工具计量和披露,由于会计计量属性的原因,会计难以全面披露衍生金融工具的风险,由此讨论如何规避由于采用衍生金融工具而导致的会计风险的方法和措施。     

衍生金融工具的套期会计研究

衍生金融工具得以迅速发展的一个重要原因是它能给企业控制和防范风险提供一种有效的途径和手段。企业利用衍生金融工具进行套期避险需要管理层进行一系列的策划和运作 ,其结果将会使企业产生各种不同的经营业绩。这些套期运作的管理活动及其相应的不同经营业绩应该在会计和财务报告中得到反映 ,这是衍生金融工具套期会计研究的主要内容。本文在对有关国际会计准则、以美国为主的西方国家衍生金融工具会计实务进行研究和在我国进行调研的基础上 ,探讨衍生金融工具套期会计的相关问题 ,并归纳我们在研究和调研中得到的启示和提出我们的建议。     

Management Perceptions of Fair-Value Accounting for all Financial Instruments

Accounting for all financial instruments at fair value is a controversial issue currently under review by standard-setters. Banking industry associations have typically opposed the use of fair-value accounting for financial instruments. This study examines perceptions of managers at financial institutions regarding support for recording all financial instruments at fair value. Managers at financial institutions do not uniformly oppose the use of fair-value accounting for all instruments. Considerable variation is found, ranging from strong support to strong opposition. Support for fair-value accounting is negatively associated with concern about excess volatility in reported earnings. There is less concern that the fair value of assets and liabilities cannot be reliably measured.     

Fair Value Accounting for All Financial Instruments: Perceptions from Managers of Australian Financial Institutions

The Joint Working Group (JWG) proposal for the measurement of all financial instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value in the income statement met with criticism from the Joint Working Group of Banking Associations QWGBA). This research study investigates the extent to which chief financial officers in Australian financial institutions agree with the JWGBA. Findings indicated respondents tended to agree, albeit to a lesser extent, with the JWGBA. Conversely, they also agree with the JWG, as they believe fair-value information is not commercially sensitive and could be reliably determined.     

基于会计视角的衍生金融工具特征分析

本文从会计角度出发，对新企业会计准则衍生金融工具的含义进行了思考和研究，通过研究概括出衍生金融工具的特征，从不同的角度和针对不同的相关者，提出了相关的启示和建议。在“悖逆性特征”中，本文指出了目前衍生金融工具的要素确认和基本会计准则在理论上的冲突，并提出了进一步完善的意见。     

衍生金融工具会计问题研究

由于衍生金融工具不符合传统会计理论有关资产和负债的确认条件，而长期被作为表外业务处理。随着衍生金融工具交易的迅猛发展，需要突破传统会计对会计要素的界定，确认衍生金融资产和负债，将其从表外处理变为表内处理。为适合其特点，衍生金融工具的会计确认，分为初始确认、后续确认和终止确认，其会计计量应采用公允价值计量。为维持企业外部利害关系人的利益，对重大的衍生金融工具交易信息应予披露。     

Implications for the Conceptual Framework Arising From Accounting for Financial Instruments

This article describes some of the issues faced by standard setters in developing guidance on accounting for financial instruments and the implications these issues have for the conceptual framework (CF). The objective is to outline issues, not necessarily to resolve them, and to consider the implications they have for further developing the conceptual framework.
Given the current trend of harmonization and convergence of accounting practice towards international standards, it seems reasonable to assume that any policy implications will be most relevant to the CF inherited by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). ¹ Unless otherwise stated, references will be made to International Accounting Standards (IAS).     

对金融衍生工具系列会计准则征求意见稿的几点认识

金融衍生工具系列会计准则征求意见稿对我国企业日渐增多的金融工具业务的会计处理提供了完整的指引,不仅完善了我国会计准则体系,而且也为国内金融衍生品的发展奠定了坚实的制度基础,但同时还需要进一步完善。     

Optimal Financial Instruments

Debt and equity are developed as optimal financial instruments in a model where cash flows and control rights are allocated to investors endogenously. When investment decisions must be made by a single party, the debtholder's cash flows are fixed in order to provide the equityholder with efficient incentives for investment. Ownership of control may be transferred to the debtholder to attenuate the impact of asymmetric information, concerning the investment opportunity, on the efficiency of the decision making.     

Expected-loss-based Accounting for Impairment of Financial Instruments: The FASB and IASB Proposals 2009–2016

The financial and banking crisis of the late 2000s prompted claims that the incurred-loss method for the recognition of credit losses had caused undesirable delay in the recognition of credit-loss impairment. In the wake of the crisis, the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) worked towards the development of expected-loss-based methods of accounting for credit-loss impairment. Their work included an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to develop a converged FASB/IASB standard on credit-loss impairment. The FASB and IASB eventually developed their own separate expected-loss models to be included, respectively, in a 2016 FASB standard and in the IASB’s 2014 final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The failure to achieve convergence on an issue of such high profile and materiality has generated some controversy, and it is claimed that it will impose significant costs on the preparers and users of the financial statements of banks. This paper examines the various sets of expected-loss-based proposals issued separately or jointly since 2009 by the FASB and the IASB. It describes and compares key features of the different approaches eventually developed by the two standard setters, referring to issues that arose in arriving at practically workable solutions and to issues that may have impeded FASB/IASB convergence. It also provides information indicative of the possible effect of differences between the two approaches.     

财务工具论

韩向东:ABC作业成本法作为一个精细化、高难度的工具,在国内企业的应用并不太好,究竟什么样的企业适合用ABC这样工具,要具备什么条件才能够实施,请结合自身情况,谈谈企业对ABC作业成本法这个工具的看法?曹晓风:精细化管理是我们做企业一直追求的。在我看来,财务人员的能力是我们作     

Financial Accounting Reform in Flemish Municipalities: An Empirical Investigation

This paper examines the cross-sectional differences in the level of adoption and implementation of the financial accounting reform in Flemish municipalities. For the first time ever in Belgian governments a cash-based budgetary accounting system is obligatorily being supplemented by an accrual accounting system. This study is based on an empirical analysis of municipal accounting practices and annual accounts 1995 in Flanders. The findings indicate that municipalities are coping with a lot of problems regarding transferability of business accounting and the study reveals significant factors explaining the level of compliance with the reformed accounting regulations.     

Accounting For Goodwill

This article provides a means of resolving one of accounting's ongoing problems—how to account for goodwill in an era where the unidentifiable intangible asset is often an entity's largest value component. Despite the general recognition that, in practice, the two classes of goodwill are indistinguishable in terms of their ability to generate streams of revenue, a distinction is traditionally drawn between internally generated and purchased goodwill. The former should not be brought to account because it is impossible to do so within the accepted rules of double entry bookkeeping and historical cost based accounting. On the other hand, there is no difficulty in bringing purchased goodwill to account, but controversy has always existed as to how to treat the amount once recognized. It can confidently be expected that, as anomalies and practical difficulties manifest themselves in practice, the current impairment regime will, in its turn, be abandoned.     

会计监管:依据探析与工具改进

会计监管属于规制经济学研究的大范畴,“公共利益理论”为会计监管提供了基本依据,通过对会计信息失灵原因的进一步分析,章指出“克服市场不完善导致的高质量会计信息需求不足”及“改善契约不完全造成的产权不明”是我国政府主导的会计监管更本质的原因;金融监管是经济监管领域较为成熟、甚为重要的部分,金融监管工具改革的经验体现了现代监管理念的变化,可以为会计监管工具设计和改革提供借鉴和支持。     

系统性金融风险测度方法研究综述

系统性金融风险的测度方法是理论与实务领域中一项复杂而前沿的研究课题.本文针对原理而不是具体的计算过程,对系统性金融风险的测度方法进行系统的梳理和评述,以期为相关领域的进一步研究提供借鉴.     

衍生金融工具的会计披露探析

由于衍生金融工具的特殊性，使得传统会计报告无论是披露的内容还是披露的方式都无法适应衍生金融工具披露的要求。对会计披露的改革可将资产负债表按金融性与非金融性分类，增加一张“衍生金融工具明细表”，增加一张第二损益表。     

'Fair Value' for Financial Instruments: How Erasing Theory is Leading to Unworkable Global Accounting Standards for Performance Reporting

The LASC is pursuing proposals for accounting for financial instruments that are conceptually flawed and unworkable in practice. "Fair value" has been elevated to a catch-all concept to resolve measurement issues objectively. Adoption of fair value, as cuwently interpreted by standard-setters (eg, by the FASB in Concepts Statement No. 7, issued in February 2000), threatens to drive out a long-understood, theory-based approach to the rationales for cuwent value accounting — founded on "deprival value" — that has recently been comprehensively restated in Accounting Theory Monograph 10, issued by the Australian Accounting Research Foundation in 1998, and reaffirmed in the UK Accounting Standards Board's Statement of Principles for Financial Repovting, issued in December 1999.     

慎用衍生金融工具

衍生金融工具的确有着不可抗拒的魅力,但这是双刃剑,小心握好双刃剑,学会风险控制衍生金融工具的产生源于规避风险的需要和金融创新的发展。金融工具包括基本工具和衍生金融工具。衍生金融工具是满足具一种或多种标的物,不要求初始净投资以及在未来日期结算等特征的金融工具或其他合约。基本的衍生金融工具有4种,即远期合约、期货、期权和互换。今天所交易的衍生金融工具不管其在形式上如何精深复杂,大多是基本衍生金融工具最简单形式的组合。衍生金融工具的广泛使用是由于企业经营环境发生了深刻变化,经济全球化正在以前所未有的速度、广度…     

Failing Faithful Representations of Financial Statements: Issues in Reporting Financial Instruments

Both the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the codified accounting standards (ASC) for the US GAAP categorize hedging relationships as falling into several buckets. The two buckets of relevance in this paper are (i) hedging the volatility of fair values, and (ii) hedging the volatility of future cash flow. In this paper, I argue that at least three accounting treatments of derivatives and hedging lead to creating serious distortion of reporting actual transactions, to combining hard and plastic valuations, and to violating adherence to the principle of ‘faithful representation’. The three accounting treatments are as follows: (1) creating the fictional Hypothetical Derivatives Method; (2) allowing for the establishment of purely discretionary valuation adjustments for all over-the-counter derivative assets (Credit Valuation Adjustment) and liabilities (Debt Valuation Adjustment) without any guides or constraints; (3) requiring subjective metaphysical separation of embedded derivatives with the main guide being the management's own perception of the instrument's embodiment of unrelated value and risk generators. To remedy the resulting distortion in financial reporting, significant revisions of certain accounting standards are sorely needed.