The impact of military technology transfer on economic growth: international evidence

The purpose of this article is to measure the impact of military technology transfer on economic growth for 67 selected countries during the period 2000 to 2005 through the application of the Malmquist productivity index, which is broken down into efficiency change and technical change. Our main findings are as follows. First, technology diffusion is all-pervading in half of the sampled countries due to pure efficiency and scale efficiency changes. Second, a higher-income level and an excess of arms imports lead to innovative activities. Third, middle-income countries have higher efficiency and pure efficiency changes; these contribute to higher total productivity change. Finally, after separating the impact of capital investment from that of arms imports, the diffusion of military technology has a more positive and substantial impact on economic growth, thereby revealing the presence of externalities between countries.     

Sulphur emissions and productivity growth in industrialised countries

Abstract ** :  In this paper, we examine the relationship between economic and environmental performance. More specifically, we analyse the impact of SO2 reduction in the eighties (1980–1992) on productivity growth, technical efficiency and technological progress for a set of 12 OECD countries. Our timeframe roughly corresponds to the adoption and implementation of the First Sulphur Protocol signed in 1985. First, we estimate an output based Malmquist productivity index using distance functions derived from successive DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) frontiers. This index is decomposed in two components namely technical and efficiency change. Second, we regress the change in productivity and its two components on a set of explanatory variables including annual variations in SO2 emissions. The results indicate that reductions in SO2 do not seem to have had a significant impact on productivity growth. The decomposition into efficiency and technology changes suggests that two countervailing effects may explain this result. On one hand, SO2 cutbacks adversely affect efficiency but on the other hand, they stimulate technical change .     

The Malmquist Productivity Index and Plant Capacity Utilization

A new decomposition of the Malmquist productivity index is proposed to account for changes in plant capacity utilization. Using a primal, non-parametric specification of technology, the Malmquist index is decomposed into technical efficiency change, variations in plant capacity utilization and frontier shifts. It provides an alternative to the available methods of incorporating capacity utilization changes into measures of productivity change. Such measures are based on parametric (and, in many cases, dual) technology specifications; moreover, they typically do not allow for technical inefficiency.
JEL Classification C 61; D 24     

人力资本与区域全要素生产率分析

本文采用Malmquist指数分析了我国30个省级行政区1996—2003年的全要素生产率(TFP)增长,并将其分解为技术进步指数和效率变化指数。为了减少计算偏差,我们在使用承认无效率项存在的生产前沿技术的同时,引入了人力资本要素。本文的分析结果表明我国的人力资本水平增长迅速,30个省区的经济增长效率差距逐年扩大。同时我们发现在引入人力资本要素后,1996—2003年区域全要素生产率的增长得益于技术进步;如果不考虑人力资本存量,则低估了同期的效率提高程度,而高估了期间的技术进步指数。     

Convergence in OECD countries: technical change,efficiency and productivity

The aim of this study is to analyse labour productivity convergence in the OECD countries over the period 1975-90. A nonparametric frontier approach is used to calculate the Malmquist productivity index. By breaking it down, the contribution in the growth of labour productivity of technical progress, of changes in efficiency, and of the accumulation of inputs per worker are quantified. Unlike other studies, the results obtained show that technical change has worked against labour productivity convergence, since it has always been greater in the countries with higher labour productivity.     

基于三阶段Malmquist-PNN的区域绿色创新效率评价与智能诊断研究

采用三阶段Malmquist指数构建了排除外部环境与随机干扰因素的八大综合经济区绿色创新效率测度模型，并结合概率神经网络对绿色创新效率进行了智能诊断。研究发现：①绿色创新效率总体呈“下降-上升-下降-上升”波动趋势，其中，西南地区属于共同推动型，其余地区为技术进步型。绿色创新效率主要由技术进步决定，技术效率起抑制作用，而技术效率低下是由规模效率下降所致；②在剔除外部环境与随机因素干扰后，各区域Malmquist指数均有所下降，在第一阶段中绿色创新效率被高估，究其原因是技术效率被高估。其中，西北和黄河中游地区排名与第一阶段结果差别较大，其余地区排名保持不变；③加快发展技术市场和优化产业结构有助于绿色创新效率提升，而经济发展水平、经济开放程度和环境规制对绿色创新效率的影响不显著；④根据智能诊断结果，可将区域分为全部效率有效地区、纯技术无效地区和规模无效地区三类。     

基于三阶段Malmquist-PNN的区域绿色创新效率评价与智能诊断研究

采用三阶段Malmquist指数构建了排除外部环境与随机干扰因素的八大综合经济区绿色创新效率测度模型，并结合概率神经网络对绿色创新效率进行了智能诊断。研究发现：①绿色创新效率总体呈“下降-上升-下降-上升”波动趋势，其中，西南地区属于共同推动型，其余地区为技术进步型。绿色创新效率主要由技术进步决定，技术效率起抑制作用，而技术效率低下是由规模效率下降所致；②在剔除外部环境与随机因素干扰后，各区域Malmquist指数均有所下降，在第一阶段中绿色创新效率被高估，究其原因是技术效率被高估。其中，西北和黄河中游地区排名与第一阶段结果差别较大，其余地区排名保持不变；③加快发展技术市场和优化产业结构有助于绿色创新效率提升，而经济发展水平、经济开放程度和环境规制对绿色创新效率的影响不显著；④根据智能诊断结果，可将区域分为全部效率有效地区、纯技术无效地区和规模无效地区三类。     

中国农业全要素生产率的变动趋势及区域差异——基于1978～2008年曼奎斯特指数分析

使用1978～2008年省域面板数据,运用非参数曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数模型测算了中国农业全要素生产率的变动指数,并分析了全要素生产率(TFP)的时空差异。结果表明:全国、三大地区及绝大多数省份农业TFP的增长主要属于技术进步型的增长;全国及三大地区农业TFP增长呈现出明显的波动特征;农业TFP增长呈现出显著的区域间和区域内省际间的不平衡;农业技术效率的下滑制约全国及三大地区农业TFP的增长,而农业技术效率下滑是纯技术效率损失和规模效率下降共同作用的结果。     

要素市场扭曲下农业绿色全要素生产率测度及效应研究

基于非径向非角度的SBM方向性距离函数构建Malmquist生产率指数,考虑碳排放和农业面源污染等非期望产出,测算中国28个省份1997—2018年农业绿色全要素生产率,最后采用空间杜宾模型探讨要素市场扭曲下农业绿色全要素生产率空间影响。研究结果表明:考虑碳排放和农业面源污染等非期望产出的农业绿色全要素生产率更符合中国农业高质量绿色发展的实际水平;中国农业全要素生产率提升多数源于农业技术进步,较少出现农业技术进步和技术效率双轮助推的情形;农业绿色全要素生产率呈现增长趋势,但增速较缓慢,且不同地域存在显著差异;要素市场扭曲抑制了农业绿色全要素生产率提升,具有空间溢出效应。     

Environmentally sensitive productivity growth: A global analysis using Malmquist–Luenberger index

We examine conventional and environmentally sensitive total factor productivity (TFP) in 41 developed and developing countries over the period of 1971 to 1992. Due to the non-availability of reliable input and CO₂ emissions price data, the study uses directional distance function to derive Malmquist–Luenberger (ML) productivity index. The index allows us to decompose the TFP into measures of technical and efficiency changes. DEA is used to compute the directional distance functions. We find that TFP index value is not different when we account for the CO₂ emissions relative to the situation when they are freely disposable. But for the components of TFP change: technical and efficiency changes, the null hypothesis of whether the indexes are the same under two different scenarios cannot be accepted. Issues of catch-up and convergence, or in some cases possible divergence, in productivity are examined within a global framework. The paper also studies the impact of openness on conventional and environmentally sensitive measures of productivity.     

Cost metafrontier approach for measuring the Malmquist productivity index: An example of bank groups formed after the financial reform in Taiwan

This study attempts to provide a framework under the variable returns to scale hypothesis to account for the effect of the cost scale efficiency change in the decomposition of the cost metafrontier Malmquist productivity index (CMMPI). In addition, the meta‐cost efficiency and cost frontier gap between subordinate banks of financial holding companies (FHC) and independent banks are also examined. A total of 34 banks in Taiwan are empirically analysed from 1999 to 2012. The results indicate that the meta‐cost efficiency, meta‐technical efficiency and meta‐allocative efficiency scores of subordinate banks of FHC are better than those of independent banks. The banking industry in Taiwan is found to have an improvement in cost metafrontier Malmquist productivity. The subordinate banks of FHC are also found to exhibit positive CMMPI and decomposition components, but do not achieve a significant improvement except in the case of the technical gap ratio change. The empirical results recommend that Taiwanese banks place more policy focus on the issue of scale adjustment, which should be beneficial. Based on the CMMPI decomposed results, we can gain further understanding of the growth path to enhance operational performance.     

我国环渤海地区主要港口技术效率的时空差异分析

将DEA方法与Malmquist生产率指数法相结合,测度了2007—2010年我国环渤海地区9大港口的投入-产出效率。结果表明:研究期间,受金融危机的影响,我国环渤海地区主要港口总体的技术效率不佳,但庞大内需使其技术效率呈上升趋势,规模效率过低是导致其技术效率不佳的主要原因,港口的投入-产出效率在很大程度上与港口规模有关;从动态效率来看,9大港口的Malmquist生产率指数整体上呈上升趋势且其增长率为正,但个别港口的Malmquist生产率指数受金融危机的影响明显且有不同程度的下降;不同省份港口的Malmquist生产率指数存在明显差距;技术进步迟滞和规模效率不高是制约我国环渤海地区主要港口的Malmquist生产率指数进一步提高的主要因素。     

河北省服务业生产率变动的实证分析

使用分行业面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数方法对1993—2008年河北省服务业生产率的变动情况进行分析发现:河北省服务业生产率增长率为4.6%,且增长的主要推动力并不稳定,在过去15年间由技术变化转变到技术效率,又回到技术变化。为此,河北省亟待提升服务业的技术效率尤其是纯技术效率。     

我国工业行业全要素生产率变动分析

基于2006—2009年我国工业行业的面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数分析法,对我国工业的全要素生产率变动情况进行了实证研究,并将其分解为技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率。结果表明:2006—2009年我国工业全要素生产率年均增长率仅为4.3%,技术进步年均增长率为1.6%,技术效率年均增长率为2.7%,技术进步已失去其推动全要素生产率增长的主导性优势地位;我国工业发展需注重同时提高技术效率和技术进步水平,否则全要素生产率增长会受到限制。     

人力资本与中国区域农业全要素生产率增长——基于DEA视角的实证分析

文章在考虑人力资本要素和技术非效率的前提下,使用非参数的DEA曼奎斯特生产率指数方法,对1988-2006年中国区域农业全要素生产率增长进行估计和测算,通过将其分解为技术进步、纯技术效率变化和规模效率变化三部分,来寻找农业TFP增长的源泉.实证表明,1988-2006年中国农业TFP增长较为显著,大致可以分为四个阶段,其对农业增长的贡献基本上是顺周期的,各个省区的TFP增长差异性则较为明显.从其内部构成来看,TFP增长主要由技术进步贡献,技术效率改善的作用则很有限.另外,是否考虑人力资本要素对农业增长的作用,会对TFP的估计产生较大影响.文章最终认为,应努力通过制度创新来消除农业技术扩散的各种制度性障碍,实现农业技术进步和技术效率增进共同推动农业TFP增长.     

A metafrontier approach for measuring Malmquist productivity index

This paper presents an alternative framework for the decomposition of the Malmquist productivity index by using the concept of a metafrontier. The approach employed allows the calculation of technical efficiency changes, as well as technical changes, for economic agents operating under different technologies. It also enables the computation of the technological gap and its changes for economic agents operating under different technologies. This framework is applied to the analysis of panel data on 58 countries over a period of 31 years from 1970 to 2000. The empirical results show that Asian countries have attempted to move towards the frontier technology and that European countries have taken the lead in the world frontier technology.     

总需求、国际贸易与我国省际生产率变化——基于省际面板数据的研究

全要素生产率的提高是促进经济持续增长的重要原因,对生产率的研究,主要是从供给方面展开的,本文试图从需求角度研究全要素生产率变动的原因。理论上看,总需求通过影响技术创新、技术选择、规模经济效益和要素的使用效率等途径引起生产率的变化,国际贸易则通过促进分工深化、产生技术溢出等促进生产率的提高。然后,本文采用数据包络分析方法测算了中国省际全要素生产率变化,并将其分解为技术效率的变化和技术进步。结果发现中国改革开放以来全要素生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,技术效率的作用很小。在测算和分解的基础上,利用省际面板数据,就总需求和国际贸易对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析,发现最终消费和资本形成对技术进步和全要素生产率的提高作用显著,出口对生产率增长的作用不显著,进口显著地促进了省际全要素生产率增长和技术进步。     

中国西部地区物流产业效率变化实证研究

选取经济发展程度、市场化程度、地理环境和文化理念具有较强一致性的中国西部12省币区（含直辖市、自治区,以下简称省）物流产业效率变化进行实证研究,对提高区域物流产业效率,促进区域协调发展有重要意义。利用DEA-Malmquist指数测算2007—2012年中国西部12个省的物流产业全要素生产率与技术进步变动情况,重点剖析备省物流产业效率变化的影响因素。研究发现除云南外,西部各省物流产业全要素生产率均显著提高,其中最重要的影响因素是技术进步,而规模效率和技术效率尤其是纯技术效率几乎没有提高,甚至降低。最后结合实际情况,指出西部各省物流产业要提升管理水平走内涵式发展道路,并对效率低的省份提出相应的改进建议。     

我国高新技术产业专利创新效率演变规律及空间差异研究

运用DEA-Malmquist指数方法对我国1998 -2015年高新技术产业专利全要素生产率进行了测算和分解。结果显示：①总体上看,高新技术产业专利平均全要素生产率呈现上升趋势,主要来自综合技术效率（TEC）的影响;②从各省情况看,Malmquist生产指数空间存在差异,但时间上变化不大;③从东、中、西三大区域层面看,东部和西部Malmquist生产指数都大于1,而中部地区小于1;④基于高技术产业专利创新效率对不同区域进行划分,结果显示高-高型、高-低型、低-高型以及低-低型4种类型省域在地理空间上分布并不规律,但综合技术效率基本呈现西高东低的现象。     

Total factor productivity in the Lithuanian family farms after accession to the EU: application of the bias-corrected Malmquist indices

The non-parametric measures of efficiency and productivity do not enable to fathom the underlying technology changes in terms of input saving and consumption. However, the bias-corrected Malmquist productivity index offers a remedy to this shortcoming. This paper, thus, employed the bias-corrected Malmquist productivity index to measurement of the total factor productivity changes in the Lithuanian family farms. The paper employed the Malmquist productivity indices to measure the technical changes (TCs) in terms of input-saving or input-use. Specifically, a sample of 200 family farms was used for the analysis. The research period covered years 2004–2009. The three farming types were considered, namely crop, livestock, and mixed farming. The analysis indicted that crop farming was peculiar with land-using and asset-saving TC, whereas labour-using and intermediate consumption saving TCs were observed only for certain combinations of inputs. As for livestock farms these generally experienced intermediate consumption and asset saving TCs against all the remaining inputs, whereas labour-saving and land-using TC varied with the reference inputs. Finally, mixed farms can be considered as those peculiar with increasing land use and decreasing capital consumption. Labour-using and intermediate consumption saving TCs did also hold for most of the analysed factors. The Lithuanian agricultural sector has not been analysed by the means of the bias-corrected Malmquist indices. Furthermore, there is a gap in the literature on the efficiency and total factor productivity in the Lithuanian farms in general. The present study, therefore, presents insights on the technology change based on non-parametric estimates.