城市经营中的市场失灵和政府"失灵"

城市经营是目前理论界的一个热门课题.然而,目前关于城市经营的研究探讨,主要集中在城市经营的内涵、内容、经营对象以及经营模式等方面,对于城市经营中政府和市场的关系问题则涉及较少.在明确城市经营内涵的基础上,讨论了城市经营中政府和市场所存在的缺陷,并提出了相应的改善措施.     

市场失灵与企业创新

新古典理论认为市场失灵会使得资源配置的效率偏离帕累托最优状态,文章认为,市场失灵还会影响到企业的创新方向和创新数量,导致全社会该产生的创新可能创新不够,不该产生的创新却层出不穷,从而降低资源配置的长期效率,针对市场失灵的不同类型,政府只要采取不同的措施,就能够正确引导企业的创新行为。     

公用事业产品定价的市场机制与政府规制

城市公用事业是典型的垄断性产业,通过城市公用事业地域与网络垄断性、外部性、公益与营利双重性分析,论证了政府价格规制之必要。其次分析了以新古典经济学和凯恩斯经济学作为逻辑理论基础的西方国家城市公用事业价格规制,及其逐步形成的公共利益理论、俘获理论、寻租理论以及放松规制乃至取消规制的演化过程。最后深入剖析我国城市公用事业存在的规制单一、价格倒逼、补偿缺位,监管虚设等问题,继而提出了强化市场定价、设计经济杠杆、完善社会监督、加强政府监管、构建价格体系等政策建议,以期实现政府规制与市场化融合,提升规制的公平、公正与效能。     

地方政府环境规制失灵的原因及解决途径——以跨界水污染为例

公用地的悲剧及集体行动的困境提供了政府规制的空间。环境规制是政府规制的一项重要内容,政府通过制定相应政策约束市场主体的排污行为来保护环境。但近年来以跨界水污染纠纷为代表的一系列环境规制政策实践表明,地方政府对于环境外部性的规制并不总有效,即环境规制失灵。地方政府环境规制失灵带来许多环境问题,但这并不构成怀疑政府环境规制的充分理由,而应研究如何纠正地方政府环境规制失灵。     

Decentralisation and devolution in local government: pressures and obstacles

Pressures to decentralise management and bargaining structures in local government have been building up for over a decade. Here the author presents findings from case studies of two local authorities. The chances for success of such moves are discussed through an analysis of intra-organisational conflict and multi-lateral bargaining.     

Metropolitan government and governance in western countries: a critical review

The failure of top-down imposed institutional reform for metropolitan areas in the western world has called for new conceptions of institution-building. A bottom up, governance type approach is now considered in various countries which focuses on flexible, voluntary and partnership elements of collective action through which institution is no longer considered as a ready-made object but as a process. A large part of the literature insists upon the effectiveness of this approach through the search for consensus and highlights its internal elements as conditions of success. However, this conception forgets the political and ideological dimensions of institution-building and, consequently, the likely conflicts and obstacles unresolved by governance. This article discusses the relationships between metropolitan government and governance taking a few western urban areas as examples and questions the apparent success of the ongoing metropolitan experiences.     

government and the PSBR

The government has changed its view of how to gauge the size of the budget deficit. Nick Parsons and David Coleman, of Union Discount, argue that this change is an ill-omen for the control of public spending.     

Central government control and fiscal adjustment: Norwegian evidence

Norwegian local governments that violate the balanced budget rule are placed in a register. The consequence of being in the register is that the budget and resolutions to raise new loans must be approved by the county governor, the central government’s representative in the county. Local governments in the register are subject to stronger central government control and must tighten their budgetary policy in order to be removed from the register. The findings suggest that local governments in the register improve their operating surplus, mainly due to cost reductions.     

Centralisation and decentralisation in local government bargaining

The system of pay bargaining in local government has been subjected to conflicting pressures, both from employers and trade unions, since the second half of the 1970s. The author argues that these difficulties will intensify under the increasing financial stress which local government is experiencing.     

Politics in wage setting: does government colour matter?

This paper studies the relationship between wage formation and the political colour of the government in an economy with a centralized wage bargaining system. Ideological, organizational and personal ties between the central trade union and the social democratic political party suggest that the trade union may behave significantly different in wage negotiations under a social democratic than under a conservative government. Using time series data for Norway, we estimate that changing from a conservative to a social democratic central government significantly reduces manufacturing wages and makes wages more responsive to unemployment. This result is consistent with a wage bargaining model augmented by political preferences of the union leaders and suggests that the effect of bargaining coordination depends on the political colour of the government. The estimated effects are both robust with respect to model specification and stable over time. We are grateful to Fredrik Wulfsberg, participants at seminars in Trondheim and Oslo, and an anonymous referee for valuable comments.     

电子政务与政府行政管理职能

电子政务所谓电子政务,是指政府机构运用现代计算机和网络技术,将其管理和服务职能转移到网络上去完成,同时实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化,超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约,向全社会提供高效优质、规范透明和全方位的管理与服务。按目前通俗的说法,就是“政府上网”。     

城市竞争力与政府改革

运用行政管理学、经济学的相关理论,通过对城市及城市政府的再认识,以及城市竞争力与城市政府关系的探讨,提出了基于城市利益最大化的城市政府改革理念,对城市政府的改革进行了深层次的分析,力图为城市政府的相关改革提供一种新的思路.     

任志强:政府应该建立市场信心

8月,任志强的时间表已经排得满满了,连周末都不放过。据了解,奥运期间,不少房地产公司为了节省开支干脆给员工放了大假。当记者请任志强评论当下的楼市时,他不屑地表示:我从来不脱离宏观经济单独看房地产的问题。任志强并非旗帜鲜明的救市派。他不主张用     

挪威:“政府帮助”与住房保障

只要有固定的收入和稳定并且长久的居留许可的人都可以在挪威购房。这里所说的稳定并且长久的居留许可是指:挪威国籍;有挪威永久居留权的;3年以上工作签证或学生签证的;或者是其他欧盟国家的居民。     

Urban government: a focal issue in studies on the Russian and Soviet city

Book reviewed in this article: Bater, J. H. 1976: St Petersburg. Industrialization and change. Hamm, M. F. , editor, 1976: The city in Russian history. Davidow, M. 1976: Cities without crises.