营商环境、企业寻租与市场创新——来自中国企业营商环境调查的经验证据

本文旨在考察优化营商环境是否有助于消除寻租影响、促进企业市场创新。基于世界银行对中国企业营商环境的调查数据,利用二值选择模型研究发现,在市场机制尚未健全的转型经济中,寻租作为非正规补偿手段和"关系资本",一定程度上对市场创新产生了扭曲的正面影响;优化营商环境显著影响企业寻租与市场创新的关系,对消除寻租影响、促进创新有积极作用。分样本研究结果表明,优化营商环境显著调节寻租对企业不同创新活动的影响,有利于无寻租企业开展自主创新。本文结论为持续优化营商环境,消除体制性的负面产物,进而提高市场创新活力提供了政策启示。     

非正规部门竞争与企业创新行为关系研究

非正规部门快速发展在缓解中国就业压力、满足低端需求和促进经济增长的同时,对中国制造业企业经营带来了很大影响。基于2012年世界银行营商环境调查数据,分析非正规部门灰色竞争对中国制造业企业创新活动的影响。研究发现：非正规部门灰色竞争显著增加企业研发投入倾向和研发投入强度;灰色竞争与企业产品创新活动有显著正相关关系,但未发现与企业流程创新活动有显著关系;制造业中高新技术企业创新活动受非正规部门灰色竞争的影响相对较弱。用工具变量控制内生性后,以上结论依然成立。为了应对非正规部门的灰色竞争,制造业企业应不断强化研发投入,通过模仿创新和微创新的方式加速产品更新升级,以区分于非正规部门的产品。     

非正规部门竞争与企业创新行为关系研究——来自制造业部门的实证

非正规部门快速发展在缓解中国就业压力、满足低端需求和促进经济增长的同时,对中国制造业企业经营带来了很大影响。基于2012年世界银行营商环境调查数据,分析非正规部门灰色竞争对中国制造业企业创新活动的影响。研究发现:非正规部门灰色竞争显著增加企业研发投入倾向和研发投入强度;灰色竞争与企业产品创新活动有显著正相关关系,但未发现与企业流程创新活动有显著关系;制造业中高新技术企业创新活动受非正规部门灰色竞争的影响相对较弱。用工具变量控制内生性后,以上结论依然成立。为了应对非正规部门的灰色竞争,制造业企业应不断强化研发投入,通过模仿创新和微创新的方式加速产品更新升级,以区分于非正规部门的产品。     

经济增长受企业寻租及非正规金融的影响研究——基于金融管制的分析

本文通过将金融部门和政府部门纳入罗默的内生增长模型来研究企业寻租、非正规金融及金融管制对经济增长的影响。结果表明:非正规金融的存在提高了企业的融资能力和利润率;加强正规及非正规金融部门的竞争程度有利于存贷利差的缩小和经济增长率的提升;而设租寻租行为会给经济带来负面影响,且租金的增加将阻碍金融竞争。因此,要促进经济增长,应严厉惩治寻租,引导非正规金融健康发展并增强金融体系的竞争程度。     

新创企业创新驱动对企业绩效的影响机制

通过对253份新创企业的问卷调查,讨论了创新驱动对新创企业绩效的直接影响,并分析了创业拼凑在创新驱动与新创企业绩效中的作用路径以及创业学习在该影响过程中的调节效应。实证和经验数据表明：新创企业创新驱动对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;创新驱动对创业拼凑具有显著正向影响;创业拼凑对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;创业拼凑在创新驱动和企业绩效的影响中发挥部分中介作用;创业学习正向调节创新驱动对创业拼凑以及创业拼凑对企业绩效的作用。     

制度、技术及商业社会资本与新创企业创新绩效:环境动态性的调节作用

文章利用浙江省158个新创企业样本数据进行检验发现,不同类型社会资本对新创企业创新绩效具有截然不同的影响效应:技术社会资本对新创企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响,商业社会资本对创新绩效有显著的负向影响,制度社会资本对创新绩效没有显著影响。同时,技术动态性对制度、商业社会资本与新创企业创新绩效之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用;相反,竞争强度对商业、技术社会资本与新创企业创新绩效之间的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。     

新创企业创新驱动对企业绩效的影响机制——创业拼凑及创业学习有调节的中介作用

通过对253份新创企业的问卷调查,讨论了创新驱动对新创企业绩效的直接影响,并分析了创业拼凑在创新驱动与新创企业绩效中的作用路径以及创业学习在该影响过程中的调节效应。实证和经验数据表明:新创企业创新驱动对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;创新驱动对创业拼凑具有显著正向影响;创业拼凑对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;创业拼凑在创新驱动和企业绩效的影响中发挥部分中介作用;创业学习正向调节创新驱动对创业拼凑以及创业拼凑对企业绩效的作用。     

转型环境下创业战略与新创企业竞争优势关系研究

创新战略有利于企业构建新的价值链,模仿战略是对市场已有价值链的补充,现有研究主要关注创新战略,对模仿战略关注不足,实践中很多新创企业通过模仿战略实现创业成功。特别地,中国转型环境下制度不完善造成的不良竞争环境会制约创新战略,促进模仿战略。然而,实践中这两种战略对新创企业均存在积极影响,选择创新战略还是模仿战略事关新创企业创业成败。考察技术、市场环境和制度环境特征,剖析不同技术和市场环境下不良竞争对创新战略和模仿战略的调节作用。利用153份新创企业样本研究发现：创新战略和模仿战略均有利于竞争优势,但不同环境特征下作用效果存在差异。不良竞争对模仿战略的影响与技术和市场环境特征不相关;对创新战略的影响与技术和市场环境特征相关。创新战略和模仿战略并不存在孰优孰劣,是一定约束条件下新创企业战略决策的结果。     

转型环境下创业战略与新创企业竞争优势关系研究

创新战略有利于企业构建新的价值链，模仿战略是对市场已有价值链的补充，现有研究主要关注创新战略，对模仿战略关注不足，实践中很多新创企业通过模仿战略实现创业成功。特别地，中国转型环境下制度不完善造成的不良竞争环境会制约创新战略，促进模仿战略。然而，实践中这两种战略对新创企业均存在积极影响，选择创新战略还是模仿战略事关新创企业创业成败。考察技术、市场环境和制度环境特征，剖析不同技术和市场环境下不良竞争对创新战略和模仿战略的调节作用。利用153份新创企业样本研究发现：创新战略和模仿战略均有利于竞争优势，但不同环境特征下作用效果存在差异。不良竞争对模仿战略的影响与技术、市场环境特征不相关；对创新战略的影响与技术、市场环境特征相关。创新战略和模仿战略并不存在孰优孰劣，是一定约束条件下新创企业战略决策的结果。     

企业伦理、绿色创业导向与竞争优势关系研究——以新创科技型企业为例

随着企业伦理道德缺失、环境污染等问题的不断涌现,人们对企业伦理、绿色创业等主题日益重视。通过对企业伦理、绿色创业导向和新创科技型企业竞争优势间的影响关系进行实证研究,得出以下结论:企业伦理对绿色创业导向和新创科技型企业竞争优势均产生正向影响,绿色创业导向对新创科技型企业竞争优势产生正向影响,绿色创业导向在企业伦理对新创科技型企业竞争优势的影响中发挥中介作用。基于新创科技型企业的成长特点,刻画了企业伦理-战略-竞争优势间的内在联系,并针对性地提出了对策建议。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.