Marketing Period Risk in a Portfolio Context: Comment and Extension

This paper re-examines and extends the findings of Bond et al., Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 34, 447–461, (2007) who consider the theoretical model of Lin and Vandell, Real Estate Economics, 35, 291–330, (2007) to determine the extent to which individual real estate asset return characteristics caused by marketing period risk disappear in a large, diversified real estate portfolio. The effects of marketing period risk are found to disappear in the limit with growth in the size of the portfolio, with ex ante variance approaching ex post variance, but only if the portfolio consists of nonsystematic risk alone, in which case both approach zero. The marketing period risk factor (MPRF), representing the ratio of ex ante to ex post variance, however, does not in general approach zero in the limit, in fact could increase or decrease depending upon the illiquidity characteristics of the individual assets and the magnitude and degree of correlation among individual property returns and marketing periods. The results suggest that even large institutional real estate portfolio managers must consider the illiquidity present in their portfolios and cannot assume that its effect will be diversified away.

An Empirical Estimation of Default Risk of the UK Real Estate Companies

Based on the Black and Scholes (Black, F., and M. Scholes. (1973). The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81, 637–659) and Merton (Merton, R. C. (1974). On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates, Journal of Finance 29, 449–470) (BSM) contingent claims model, and KMV Corporation framework, we estimate the distance to default and the “risk neutral” default probabilities for a sample of 112 real estate companies over the period 1980 to 2001. Our empirical results classifies failed and non-failed companies into Type I error, cases that the BSM-type model fails to predict default when it did occur, and Type II error where BSM-type model predicts default when it did not occur. We find that none of the companies belong to the category of Type I error. Type II error is observed in 12 out of 112 companies. These results support the theoretical underpinnings of the BSM-type structural model in that the two driving forces of default are high leverage and high asset volatility.     

Economic Risk Factors and Commercial Real Estate Returns

A great deal of research has focused on the links between stock and bond market returns and macroeconomic events such as fluctuations in interest rates, inflation rates, and industrial production. Although the comovements of real estate and other asset prices suggests that these same systematic risk factors are likely to be priced in real estate markets, no study has formally addressed this issue. This study identifies the growth rate in real per capita consumption, the real T-bill rate, the term structure of interest rates, and unexpected inflation as fundamental drivers or state variables that systematically affect real estate returns. The finding of a consistently significant risk premium on consumption has important ramifications for the vast literature that has examined the (risk-adjusted) performance of real estate, for it suggests that prior findings of significant abnormal returns (either positive or negative) that have ignored consumption are potentially biased by an omitted variables problem. The results also have important implications for dynamic asset allocation strategies that involve the predictability of real estate returns using economic data.     

地方政府债务影响金融风险的传导机制--基于房地产市场和商业银行视角的研究

本文基于房地产市场和商业银行双重视角,利用2005-2017年省级面板数据和中介效应模型,实证检验地方政府债务对金融风险的风险传递关系和传导路径。实证结果显示,地方政府债务规模扩张的财政风险转化为房地产市场风险和商业银行风险;同时,土地财政、信贷扩张和影子银行是地方政府债务风险的传导路径。为防范金融风险与化解地方政府债务风险,应降低金融部门与地方政府债务的关联,厘清金融与财政的关系。     

房地产信贷、价格及市场供求关系研究

本文通过对2000年以来上海房地产信贷与房地产市场关系的实证分析,发现房地产信贷对房地产市场的影响主要表现在需求方而不是供应方,房地产信贷增长对房地产价格和房地产销售量增长有明显的促进作用,但对房地产开发投资没有明显的影响。房地产信贷增长主要由银行流动性状况决定,而不取决于房地产市场状况,但房地产市场供需状况会影响到房地产信贷结构变化,在价格上升时个人购房贷款增长明显,在价格下降时开发贷款增长明显。在短期内,银行信贷可作为平稳房地产市场波动的手段之一,但对于长期而言,只有构建完善的住房供应体系才能保持房地产市场的长期稳定。     

基于CPV模型的房地产信贷信用风险的度量和预测

本文基于CPV模型，对房地产信贷风险进行了度量与预测。结果表明，该模型在度量和预测房地产信贷违约率方面具有较好的效果。房地产信贷的违约率和宏观经济状况紧密相连，当经济状况恶化，房地产信贷违约率上升，当经济状况好转，房地产信贷违约率下降。分别从国家宏观经济、房地产行业状况、房地产企业状况三个层面选择出三个宏观经济因素指标——综合领先指标、国房景气指数和企业景气指数进行研究，结果表明，对于研究房地产信贷的信用风险来说它们是较好的指标，尤其是综合领先指标。     

基于CPV模型的房地产信贷信用风险的度量和预测

本文基于CPV模型,对房地产信贷风险进行了度量与预测.结果表明,该模型在度量和预测房地产信贷违约率方面具有较好的效果.房地产信贷的违约率和宏观经济状况紧密相连,当经济状况恶化,房地产信贷违约率上升,当经济状况好转,房地产信贷违约率下降.分别从国家宏观经济、房地产行业状况、房地产企业状况三个层面选择出三个宏观经济因素指标--综合领先指标、国房景气指数和企业景气指数进行研究,结果表明,对于研究房地产信贷的信用风险来说它们是较好的指标,尤其是综合领先指标.     

New development: Estate agents’ perspectives of anti-money laundering compliance—four key issues in the UK property market

ABSTRACT

In recent years, money laundering in the property market has come under scrutiny across the world, attracting significant attention from governments, regulators, policy-makers, NGOs, academics and others. However, there remain gaps in knowledge, which is particularly important given practical difficulties in the implementation of anti-money laundering (AML) obligations. This article offers new insights into such implementation in the context of the UK AML regime and the real estate sector. The authors analyse four important issues relating to the UK AML obligations: customer due diligence (CDD); reporting suspicion; training requirements; and letting (rental) agents.     

信贷与资产价格关系研究——来自中国房地产市场的证据

货币政策与资产价格之间的关系一直以来都是学术界研究的重点,但从房地产信贷视角分析房地产价格的文献却相对较少。本文基于多元MGARCH—BEKK模型和GRACH均值方程模型分析了房地产信贷、货币供应量与房地产价格的波动相关性以及它们的各种波动对房地产价格的影响。研究发现,房地产信贷增长的波动能影响房地产价格的增长,而货币供应量的波动,对房地产价格增长影响不显著。同时实证分析显示在对房价的调控中,房地产信贷的调控是抑制房价波动的一个工具选项。以银行信贷为主的货币供应量已经不能全面反映社会的流动性状况。与货币供应量相比,社会融资总量指标与实体经济指标的联系更加紧密。     

银行信贷与房地产价格的关系——中国省级面板数据的实证分析

本文以银行信贷与房地产价格相关理论为基础,利用1999—2008年的省级面板数据,并运用单位根检验、协整检验以及误差修正模型对我国各个地区银行信贷与房地产价格关系进行短期和长期分析。研究发现:我国东、中和西部银行信贷与房地产价格都存在长期因果关系,在短期东部地区银行信贷对房地产价格的影响系数比较大,其次是西部,最后是中部,即在不同的区域条件约束下,银行信贷与房地产价格之间可能并无稳定一致的关系。在此基础上,提出了现阶段我国实施有差异的控制房价的相关政策和建议。     

Information Risk in TIPS Market: An Analysis of Nominal and Real Interest Rates

This study investigates the presence of information risk in two closely linked interest rate securities traded in separate markets: the nominal interest rate observed in the Treasury bond market and the real interest rate observed in the relatively new Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) market. We find that information flows unilaterally from the Treasury bond market to the TIPS market with a one-day lag. The information risk arising from asymmetric information flows may cause less informed traders to demand a higher rate of return (OHara, 2003). Our study provides an empirical explanation of why the TIPS yield has been relatively high throughout its nascent trading history.     

Banks' Advantage in Hedging Liquidity Risk: Theory and Evidence from the Commercial Paper Market

Banks have a unique ability to hedge against market‐wide liquidity shocks. Deposit inflows provide funding for loan demand shocks that follow declines in market liquidity. Consequently, banks can insure firms against systematic declines in liquidity at lower cost than other institutions. We provide evidence that when liquidity dries up and commercial paper spreads widen, banks experience funding inflows. These flows allow banks to meet loan demand from borrowers drawing funds from commercial paper backup lines without running down their holdings of liquid assets. We also provide evidence that implicit government support for banks during crises explains these funding flows.     

城镇居民参与股市及其对财产性收入的影响——基于我国2000-2008年30个省市(区)面板数据的研究

本文在借鉴国际计算方法的基础上,对我国城镇居民参与股市的广度和深度进行了测算,并实证检验了其对城镇居民财产性收入的影响。研究发现股市参与广度和深度对财产性收入提高均有显著正向促进作用,但城镇居民股市参与广度的影响总体服从倒U型特征。同时,房产价格和收入分配差距也对城镇居民财产性收入有显著影响。