Foreign entry and survival: Effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets

This paper investigates effective strategies that can reduce the risk of failure in international expansion by examining the entry and survival of foreign subsidiaries in the U.S. computer and pharmaceutical industries over the 1974-89 period. Using a hazard rate model, we examine the effects of (1) diversification strategies, (2) entry strategies, and (3) organizational learning and experience on the survival probabilities of foreign subsidiaries. The results show a higher exit rate for foreign acquisitions and joint ventures than for subsidiaries established through greenfield investments. The results also indicate a higher exit rate for subsidiaries that diversify than for those that stay in the parent firm's main product areas. Finally, the results show that firms benefit from learning and experience in foreign operations, which improves the chances of success for subsequent foreign investments. These findings shed light on the dynamic process of international expansion and the evolution of the multinational corporation.     

Environment-strategy relationship and its performance implications: An empirical study of the chinese electronics industry

This study examined the strategy-environment-performance paradigm in a centrally plannedeconomy (People's Republic of China) in transition to a more market-driven economy. Based on a survey of top Chinese managers in the electronics industry, it was found that during this course of transformation, firms exhibited distinctive strategies despite a long tradition of central planning, and these strategies were signijcantly related to perceived environmental uncertainty. Specifically, managers perceptions of increased environmental uncertainty were found to be negatively related to proactive strategies and positively related to defensive strategies. Defensive strategies were also linked to higher performance.     

The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment

Relatively few studies have examined the importance of an entry's sequential position to the choice of foreign entry mode. We use a dynamic model to analyze sequential entries into the United States from 1975 to 1992. Our findings show that several independent variables which explain a firm's initial mode of entry do not explain the modes of subsequent entries. These findings underscore the importance of experience in foreign investment, as companies learn from early entries and adapt the modes of subsequent ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

建筑市场主体合格性和制度环境浅析

建筑市场的主体和制度环境是建筑市场的基石,只有形成合格的主体和适当的制度环境,建筑市场才能得以发展和完善,才能得以从根本上杜绝工程领域腐败和工程质量低劣的现象。     

Do regions matter? An integrated institutional and semiglobalization perspective on the internationalization of MNEs

Traditional research suggests a relationship between country‐level institutions and the location choices of MNEs. However, more recent theory suggests MNEs also focus on regions (semiglobalization). Therefore, this study examines institutional effects in the context of semiglobalization by considering the influences of three formal institutions (i.e., regulatory control, political democracy, capital investments) of countries and geographic regions on MNEs' location choices of internationalization. We use a sample of Japanese MNEs operating in 45 countries within eight regions. The results show that their degree of internationalization into a country is influenced by both country and regional institutional environments. Additionally, a semiglobalization perspective provides better explanatory power than does the country‐level perspective. These results present a new perspective on how MNEs consider institutional environments in their international strategy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does subnational region matter? Foreign affiliate performance in the United states and China

This study examines the extent to which subnational regions can explain foreign affiliate performance in two host country settings, the United States and China, the world's two largest economies at polar ends of the economic spectrum (i.e., an advanced versus an emerging economy). Our results suggest that the subnational region is significant in explaining foreign affiliate performance, thus confirming its importance as an additional unit of analysis for firm performance. This study also shows that the effects of subnational region are far stronger in China than they are in the United States, thus suggesting that regional differences are more critical in their explanatory power for firm performance in emerging economies than they are in advanced economies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全球化战略决策中高管团队的国际化角色：国外市场进入模式

海外扩张的模式是决策制定者协商的结果,高管团队（TMT）在此类型的决策过程中起到了重要的作用。通过整合市场准入模式理论与高层梯队理论,并结合组织国际化相关的因素后发现,TMT跨国经验和TMT国籍多样性在组织国际化战略决策中充当着不同的,甚至是相反的角色。在分析了100多个公司近7年的数据后,得出TMT跨国经验与全面控制型市场进入模式正相关、TMT国籍多样性与合作控制式市场进入模式正相关两个重要结果。因此,跨国经验能够通过出国实践获得,但这种经验在某种程度上受到自身国籍影响。人力资源管理实践旨在通过外派出国来获得国际经验的方式,还要认识到拥有这种经历的人不能替代高管团队中所有的外国国籍的人。     

体验经济下的体验式服装设计

随着体验经济的到来,消费者的需求也在不断地升级,越来越关注体验的消费倾向促使产品设计要加入体验的元素。体验式服装设计作为一种更加关注人类情感和体验的设计方法,将为服装设计注入新的活力,对我们未来的生活产生积极而深远的影响。     

体验式服装设计模式初探

体验经济的到来,预示着消费者对于产品的需求不再停留在功能,服务也退居其次,感性时代的来临,产品所被赋予的情感价值受到重视。在体验经济的冲击下,当代国内外设计界对体验式设计的关注度不断提高,服装设计的创新趋势越来越强调体验的价值。本文意在通过对体验经济及体验式设计的相关理论的探讨,借鉴相关的产品开发设计模式提出具体的服装设计创新方法和步骤。适应当今消费者对于服装这一消费品内心真正的需求,充分挖掘潜在需求,为服装企业设计产品、打造品牌、塑造核心竞争力提供新的方法。