企业国际化经营的市场进入方式选择

随着世界经济一体化进程的加快和我国成功地加入世贸组织,企业越来越普遍地从事国际化经营活动。正确选择市场进入方式是企业国际化经营成败的关键。本文着重分析了影响进入方式选择的主要因素,并基于这一领域的交易成本理论、组织行为理论、折衷理论等尝试构建了一个企业国际化经营的进入方式综合决策模型,以期对我国企业实施“走出去”战略提供有益的借鉴。     

跨国经营市场进入方式的选择

面对经济全球化的趋势与中国加入WTO的现实,我国企业必须积极开展跨国经营。为了成功地开展跨国经营,企业必须正确地选择目标国市场的进入方式。本文在分析各进入方式的特点的基础上,就如何选择市场进入方式提出了一些建议。     

战略联盟与我国企业国际化经营进入方式的选择

战略联盟可分为狭义战略联盟和广义战略联盟。广义战略联盟是两个或两个以上的企业为实现各自的战略目的将其资金、技术、人力、销售渠道等资源组合在一起而结成网络式的联合体 ,并从事研究开发等一系列活动。我国企业国际化经营应充分发挥优势 ,避开劣势。充分利用战略联盟的组织形式与其他企业结盟进入国际市场     

国际市场进入方式决策问题研究

进入国际市场的方式选择既关系到企业在国际市场上如何受益 ,也关系到企业的投资和代价。在出口贸易、许可证贸易和对外直接投资三类进入方式中如何作出选择 ,第一要从价值角度进行分析 ,考察和比较各种方式下的风险报酬和成本 ;第二要从功能角度加以权衡 ,因为国际化经营战略必须考虑生产经营系统向国际市场延伸的深度、供应链的国际化程度以及企业在国际生产经营体系中的地位等问题。当然 ,正确的选择应当是符合国际化目标、企业能力以及有关国家制度环境的方案。     

国际市场进入方式的差异及其选择

中国企业进入国际市场的不同方式意味着从国际市场取得收益的不同方式,代表着不同的资源配置的国际化程度以及相应的风险程度。因此,如何选择国际市场的进入方式,直接关系到国际化经营的成败。     

我国企业跨国市场进入方式的选择战略

本文首先比较了不同跨国市场进入方式的优缺点,分析了并购与新建、独资与合资的各国选择经验和选择影响因素,最后指出我国对外直接投资的跨国市场进入方式选择:从投资动机看,对发达国家技术和管理经验寻求型直接投资的进入方式应以并购、合资为主,从东道国的外资政策看,我国的产业转移型对外直接投资的主要目标是发展中国家,进入方式应以新建、合资为主,从投资规模角度看,我国自然资源寻求型对外直接投资的进入方式应以合资为主。     

特许经营:我国企业国际化经营的新选择

目前,特许经营已经在世界范围内得到了迅速发展,而国内不少学者仅仅是将特许经营作为一种商业模式,对于特许经营的理论基础、特许经营与国际化经营之间关系的研究并不多见。本文从市场进入模式的角度论述了我国企业通过特许经营开展国际化经营的重大意义,为我国企业全面实施“走出去”战略,提供了新的战略选择。     

我国企业进入国际市场的策略选择

制定合理的国际市场进入策略是我国企业“走出去”的前提。本文从微观层面阐述了我国企业在“走出去”时应如何选择进入区位、进入时机、进入规模、进入方式及其发展序列。     

我国私营企业开拓国际市场的现实困难分析

尽管我国私营企业在参与国际市场竞争方面取得了显著的进展,但从总体上看,我国私营企业开拓国际市场无论从实际规模,还是相对比例上都非常小,私营企业普遍感到“国门难出”,有的私营企业还在参与国际市场竞争中应声而倒。造成这种情况的原因何在?是外部环境所致,还是政府作用不力,抑或企业自身素质局限?本文拟对此作一分析。     

国际投资市场准入“国民待遇与负面清单”研究——以美国晚近缔约实践为主要研究对象

投资准入规则是平衡国家经济监管权和开放投资义务之间的重要砝码,核心是准入阶段外资的待遇标准。目前最先进的外资准入模式是"负面清单"基础上的"国民待遇"。负面清单是外资准入阶段不适用国民待遇原则的特别管理措施规定的汇总,其中最具谈判空间的是"不符措施"。不符措施以附件清单的方式,列明缔约各方针对具体产业部门,维持现有和未来采取背离国民待遇的措施。在中美BIT谈判中,中国面临的最大挑战是列出恰当的负面清单,将外资准入国民待遇对经济的不利影响降至最低。而中国未来国际投资条约签订过程中,应根据实际情况,以投资便利化为目标,灵活地选择准入阶段外资待遇标准。     

Market Structure and Market Access

We explore an issue at the nexus of domestic competition policy and international trade, the interaction between goods trade and market power in domestic trade and distribution sectors. We examine the effect of variations in conditions of domestic competition in services on trade volumes in goods in the cases of both linear and nonlinear import demand, including standard form CES‐based gravity models of bilateral trade flows. Theory suggests a set of linkages between service‐sector pricing and goods trade supported by econometrics involving imports of 22 OECD countries vis‐a‐vis 69 exporters. Competition in distribution services affects the volume of trade in goods. Additionally, because of interaction between tariffs and pricing, the market structure of the domestic service sector becomes increasingly important as tariffs are reduced. Indeed, depending on the degree of competition, market access concessions on tariffs may be effectively undone in some cases by changes in margins. For exporters, we find that service competition in destination markets matters most for exporters from smaller, poorer countries. Our results also suggest that while negotiated agreements leading to cross‐border services liberalisation may boost goods trade as well, they may also lead to a fall in goods trade when such liberalisation involves FDI leading to increased service sector concentration.     

国际碳排放贸易的市场格局及其准入条件研究

碳排放贸易作为治污减排的有效措施之一,已被多方采用并形成了多元化的国际碳市场。基于碳市场格局总结各级市场的准入条件,并运用灰色系统分析准入条件与环境效益的相关性,得出了市场的进入成本越高、环境效益越大的结论,但现有的较高准入条件则限制了包括中国在内的非附件一国家参与碳贸易的途径。     

Western Australian Managers Tell Their Stories: Ethical Challenges in International Business Operations

This paper investigates the ethical challenges facing managers in Western Australia. It identifies the ethical issues that managers confront in international business. Managers in this research have identified a number of significant ethical issues when discussing the ethical incidents that occurred in their international dealings. The research shows a degree of congruence between managers' experiences and establishes the main ethical dilemmas encountered, how they felt and actions taken when confronted with an ethical dilemma.     

企业经营战略选择的影响因素及模式

以内部专业化、外部专业化、内部相关多元化、外部相关多元化、内部非相关多元化和外部非相关多元化六种战略类型为例,探讨经营战略选择的影响因素及模式。结论是企业的战略目标、竞争环境、战略资产和合作机会影响经营战略的决策,并决定其决策模式。     

Psychic Distance versus Market Size in International Business: Study of Brazilian Exporters

International Business (IB) theories encompass economic approaches, where firms use objective criteria to select foreign markets, and behavioral approaches, where firms use psychic distance. This study proposes new objective criteria to measure psychic distance and adopts multiple linear regressions with a foreign-trade econometric model adapted to address psychic distance and market size and their relationships with Brazilian exports over 10 years. Psychic distance showed a close relationship to exports from smaller firms, while the market size of the destination country was always significant. This brought original empirical evidence to the validity of IB theories as well as to the exports behavior of firms from emerging economies.     

国际银团贷款争议与国际商事仲裁的勃兴

国际银团贷款争议的解决长期倾向于跨国诉讼,近年来却倾向于国际商事仲裁,其原因有多种,值得注意。国际银团贷款争议诉诸国际商事仲裁的前提是仲裁协议的有效性,国际银团贷款争议的国际商事仲裁的程序适用普通的国际商事仲裁程序,但要注意一些电子文本的法律效力。国际银团贷款争议如在我国选择中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会按其《金融争议仲裁规则》仲裁要认识到其特殊性。国际银团贷款争议的解决方式并不一概排斥诉讼,而且仰赖于司法监督。     

Teaching International Business Across Multiple Modes of Delivery: How to Maintain Equivalence in Learning Outcomes

The drivers of globalization are changing how, where, and when international business (IB) is being taught, and increasing student diversity. Concomitantly, education is becoming an important contributor to GDP in developed economies. Today, the same course may be taught at home to domestic and in-bound international students, in host countries, online, and through blended learning techniques. The increasing variety of modes of delivery raises an important question, however—how to deliver the same material in different contexts and achieve the same learning outcomes. This article examines the changing face of IB education and presents a case study on how this question has been answered at one Australian university.