多元化战略管理:决策程序及其理论依据

通过对多元化战略的理论回顾,总结多元化战略管理研究的理论流派,多元化战略管理理论对中国企业进行多元化决策的指导意义,并创造性地提出了多元化战略管理决策程序及其理论依据,试图初步建立起多元化理论与企业实践操作间联系的纽带。     

Challenging Group Support Systems Research: The Case for Strategic Decision Making

Strategic decision making (SDM) often occurs in groups that can benefit from the use of group support systems (GSS). However, no comprehensive review of this logical intersection has been made. We explore this intersection by viewing GSS research through the lens of SDM. First, SDM is broadly characterized and a model of GSS-mediated SDM is produced. Second, we review empirical GSS research linking these findings to the characteristics of SDM. We conclude that GSS research has not produced sufficient knowledge about group history, heterogeneity, member experience, task type, time pressure, technology or tool effects, and decision consensus for a favorable evaluation of SDM in GSS groups. SDM in GSS groups challenges researchers to study the effects of group processes such as those just mentioned in a context that involves ongoing and established groups, political activity, and a multiplicity of tasks.     

Dynamic Influences on Individual Choice Behavior

Research examining the process of individual decision making over time isbriefly reviewed. We focus on two major areas of work in choice dynamics:research that has examined how current choices are influenced by the historyof previous choices, and newer work examining how choices may be made toexploit expectations about options available in the future. A central themeof the survey is that if a general understanding of choice dynamics is toemerge, it will come through the development of boundedly-rational models ofdynamic problem solving that lie on the interface between economics andpsychology.     

An Intelligent Distributed System for Strategic Decision Making

The decision-making process in strategic planning is often too complex to be handled by conventional methods. Strategic planning problems (building new plans, new product planning, etc.) belong to the class of problems called ill-structured by H. Simon. They involve a decomposition of the main problem into a set of subproblems, a reasoning process at the subproblem level, and then a coordinated and aggregated process to build a global solution. Because partial solutions are generated without having a complete view of the global objective, this type of decision-making process very often generates incoherent and contradictory hypotheses and actions. Therefore, the main problem is to find a way to achieve coherence and coordination among decisions made locally by different agents, at different levels.Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence, particularly in the field of multi-agent theory, offer great promises in modeling strategic planning processes. In this article we present a general framework called 'A Coherent Plan of Coordinated Actions (CPCA)' for building intelligent distributed strategic decision making systems which integrates advances in both distributed decision making and Distributed Artificial Intelligence. We then describe a multi-blackboard system, ARISTOTE, which is aimed at helping corporate managers address the feasibility and coherence of a plan of actions.     

A Model of Ethical Decision Making: The Integration of Process and Content

We develop a model of ethical decision making that integrates the decision-making process and the content variables considered by individuals facing ethical dilemmas. The process described in the model is drawn from Janis and Mann’s [1977, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment (The Free Press, New York)] work describing the decision process in an environment of conflict, choice and commitment. The model is enhanced by the inclusion of content variables derived from the ethics literature. The resulting integrated model aids in understanding the complexity of the decision process used by individuals facing ethical dilemmas and suggests variable interactions that could be field-tested. A better understanding of the process will help managers develop policies that enhance the likelihood of ethical behavior in their organizations. Roselie McDevitt Sc.D. is Assistant Professor of Accounting at␣the Charles F. Dolan School of Business at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. Dr. McDevitt teaches financial and managerial accounting. Her Primary areas of research are accounting education and accounting ethics. Catherine Giapponi is an Assistant Professor of Management at the Charles F. Dolan School of Business at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. Dr. Giapponi teaches courses in management, organizational behavior, and strategy. Her primary areas of research are corporate governance and business ethics. Cheryl Tromley, Ph.D., is a Professor of Management at␣Fairfield University where she has taught management, organizational behavior, organizational communication, organizational␣culture, organization development, and diversity for 19 years. She has co-authored two editions of the text ``Developing Managerial Skills in Organizational Behavior'␣as well authored or co-authored a significant number of professional articles and presentations related to management and management education.     

跨国公司战略性人力资源过程控制模型

本文从跨国公司战略性人力资源变革的内在作用机理出发,构建了一个跨国公司战略性人力资源过程控制模型,并在模型中分析了战略性人力资源变革的主要层次、环节和步骤,以及进行过程控制的主要方面,基于此,本文指出了关于跨国公司战略性人力资源过程控制的相关理论背景及其管理理念的演变与发展。     

The Role of Information Feedback in the Management Group Decision-Making Process Applying System Dynamics Models

The research project addresses the influence of feedback information on the decision process supported by the application of system dynamics models. A user-friendly application was developed and used in the experiment with decision groups. The participants were 174 undergraduate management science students. They had the task of determining the optimum business strategy by maximizing the multiple criteria function under three experimental conditions: a ₁) an indivIDual decision process without the support of a system dynamics model, a ₂) an indivIDual decision process supported by a system dynamics model, and a ₃) a decision process supported by a system dynamics model and subject interaction via computer mediation. The hypotheses that the indivIDual decision process supported by a system dynamics model yields higher Criteria Function values than one without a system dynamics model, as well as the decision process supported by both a system dynamics model and subject interaction yields higher Criteria Function values than one supported by a system dynamics model alone were confirmed.     

基于网络分析法的R&V非竞争性战略联盟伙伴选择:以文化购物网联姻幸运甜饼为例

R&V非竞争性战略联盟为现实资源与虚拟资源的整合提供了创新性的商业模式。根据其非竞争性、用户共享、闲置资源互换等特征以及已有文献,R&V非竞争性战略联盟伙伴选择应包含4个因素,即兼容性、能力、互补性及其他,并可细分为19个评价指标,可以此构建出R&V非竞争性战略联盟伙伴选择的分析结构。     

Toward a Model of Cross-Cultural Business Ethics: The Impact of Individualism and Collectivism on the Ethical Decision-Making Process

In this paper, we explore the impact of individualism and collectivism on three basic aspects of ethical decision making – the perception of moral problems, moral reasoning, and behavior. We argue that the inclusion of business practices within the moral domain by the individual depends partly upon individualism and collectivism. We also propose a pluralistic approach to post-conventional moral judgment that includes developmental paths appropriate for individualist and collectivist cultures. Finally, we argue that the link between moral judgment and behavior is related to individualism and collectivism.

Information Collection Strategic Design in Experts-assisted Decision Making Paradigm

In an experts-assisted decision making paradigm, the information collection design becomes a strategic variable under a weak assumption that the final decision is dependent on the design used to collect information as well. As a result, the same information of the experts and the decision maker about the problem can potentially produce different final decisions for different information collection designs. The implication is that a decision maker can strategically select a design which serves his/her objective. This paper uses a Bayesian estimation methodology for combining experts' information with the decision maker's prior. An information collection process is designed by setting constraints on this model. Several designs are developed here using such controlled factors as a one-stage versus a two-stage decision process, experts' rank ordering, and group versus individual lobbying/consultation. An example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the concept. It is shown that the information produced in the process of producing a decision can also give insights into the impacts of the decision maker and the experts on the decision.     

基于动态能力的战略人力资源更新

处于动态竞争环境的企业,需要不断地进行企业战略更新及战略人力资源更新,才能处于不败之地。但如何对战略人力资源更新与战略更新的匹配,是当前企业面临的重要问题。对海尔以三次战略更新进行深入分析,基于企业动态能力和战略更新理论,提出海尔战略更新和人力资源匹配模式,揭示两者互动协调的规律。     

Linking Social Issues to Organizational Impact: The Role of Infomediaries and the Infomediary Process

When do organizations decide to ‘adopt’ a given social issue such that they come to acknowledge it in their patterns of action and communication? Traditional answers to this question have focused either on the characteristics of the issue itself, or on the traits of the focal organization. In many cases, however, a firm’s decision to adopt or ignore an issue is not a straightforward function of firm or issue characteristics. Instead, we view issue adoption as a socially constructed process of information exchange between parties that are involved in the emergence and evolution of the issue, mediated by third-party organizations. We refer to this process as the infomediary process and these latter organizations as ‘infomediaries,’ after the information mediation and brokerage roles they play in the social processes linking social issues to organizational impact. We present a concise theoretical model of how infomediaries establish credible linkages between focal organizations and social issues. The thrust of the model is that the infomediation process, rather than the issue or firm characteristics, is what really drives firm-level issue adoption decisions.     

Cognitive Mapping: A Process to Support Strategic Planning in an Academic Department

Cognitive mapping has been used to support strategic planning in business. However, the process has seldom been utilized to support strategic planning in nonprofit public organizations, where many reporting lines are less clear. This paper describes how the cognitive mapping process was designed and implemented to help a large academic department identify and merge the individual goals of faculty members as a first step in creating a strategic plan. Each map was created using the Decision Explorer^TM software during individual interviews, as opposed to using paper and pencil. An action case approach was used to plan and evaluate individual mapping sessions. Eliciting individual cognitive maps led to greater engagement by faculty in the strategic planning process. Nearly all of the participating faculty members believed that the cognitive mapping process was helpful and insightful and the resulting map was accurate and complete.     

网络效应条件下的扩张战略与对内开放——以服务业中国公司为例

通过对信息技术的成功应用,服务业跨国公司在竞争过程中可以克服传统市场竞争条件下的供方规模经济的限制,能够更快地达到为获得网络效应所要求的临界值,从市场扩张的正反馈中获益。因此,服务业跨国公司的全球经营战略和营销理念正在从在现有的市场内竞争向为未来市场而竞争转变。上述战略从微观角度为在我国进一步对内开放提供了经济学解释．并值得我国企业提高重视程度并在制定企业战略时借鉴。     

企业战略联盟的动态管理与关系管理

从企业战略管理的角度看战略联盟的动态本质,即企业战略联盟的动态管理具备结构性和时效性两个纬度。在评价现有战略联盟关系管理方法的基础上,采用了组合的动态联盟管理方法。以有限的企业资源和择优的资源分配方案,提高企业联盟总体绩效,是企业战略联盟动态管理的根本目标。     

战略性新兴产业与传统产业关系动态分析

在演化博弈论的框架下,根据战略性新兴产业与传统产业的博弈收益矩阵,本文构建了复制动态方程,揭示了两类产业的动态演化规律,并求得在不同初始条件下的进化稳定策略。研究结果表明新兴产业与传统产业之间存在开放性的非线性递进关系,不一定表现为动态正向的线性关联;战略性新兴产业与传统产业的演化博弈结果依赖于初始条件的选择;新兴产业从萌芽、到与传统产业"双峰逼近"、再到两类产业协调发展、最后形成新兴产业对传统产业"良币驱逐劣币"阶段,新兴产业在经济当中占据的比重越来越大,经济的增长主要依靠新兴产业快速成长的增量扩张。     

Competitive Bluffing: An Examination of a Common Practice and its Relationship with Performance

Bluffing, a common and consequential form of competitive behavior, has been comparably ignored in the management literature, even though misleading one’s rivals is suggested to be an advantageous skill in a multifaceted and highly competitive environment. To address this deficiency and advance scholarship on competitive dynamics, our study investigates the moral reasoning behind competitive bluffing and, using a simulated market-entry game, examines the performance effects of bluffing. Findings suggest that decision makers’ views on the ethicality of bluffing competitors differ from their beliefs on the ethicality of misleading other organizational stakeholders. Analysis also indicates that decision makers who view competitor bluffing as more ethical (less unethical) are more willing to engage in competitive bluffing. Finally, while bluffing is often thought to be an effective business practice, results show that in the context of repeated interaction, bluffing is not conducive to high levels of performance and, in fact, can have undesirable consequences.     

BPM——商业竞争的信息化战略武器

BPM是一种基于EAI和工作流的新型开发技术。它采用独特的可视化、柔性的开发模式,并在有效地整合了企业现有资源的基础上,将企业与客户及供应商等合作伙伴紧密的联系起来。它具有开发成本低、适应性强、协作性高等优势,它必将成为企业现代化商业竞争的信息化战略武器。     

不确定性环境下的战略变革模型

在一个不确定性环境里,如何发现企业的战略老化并及时变革使之生存下去是摆在企业管理者面前的一道难题。在不确定性环境中,要降低不确定性,形成战略时就要做到在任何单位时间内均拥有大量的战略假设;拥有范围较宽的战略假设且是从正确的来源获得战略假设。形成战略后可采用使机会最大化的否证法进行战略选择。战略实施实际上也是对战略假设的再检验过程。在一定的时间间隔上对战略进行评估,如果出现战略老化的迹象或支持所选择战略的任何假设改变了,那么就转向另一种战略。