国外棕(褐)色地块风险评价研究经验的借鉴与启示

研究目的:综述国外棕(褐)色地块风险评价的研究成果。研究方法:文献分析法和理论分析法。研究结果:(1)棕(褐)色地块风险评价具有必要性和重要性;(2)棕(褐)色地块风险评价方法应该综合考虑棕(褐)色地块存在风险的多样性和不确定性;(3)确定性风险评价和概率风险评价各自存在优缺点,应综合利用两种方法,即敏感性分析。研究结论:研究棕(褐)色地块风险评价对中国现实状况具有重要意义。     

Negotiation issues in forming public–private partnerships for brownfield redevelopment: Applying a game theoretical experiment

The redevelopment of a brownfield can provide a range of societal, environmental but also economic benefits for a number of entities. In the Netherlands (and elsewhere), public–private partnerships are common practice for such projects, because of two main reasons. First, limitations to public funding have led governments to invite the private sector into various long-term arrangements for capital-intensive projects. Second, a comprehensive approach for the whole brownfield area may be more efficient and profitable, compared to piecemeal development via interventions by individual owners. This article investigates, with respect to brownfield redevelopment, the interaction behavior of two key parties in forming partnerships: the municipality and a private developer. It is assumed that, apart from their mutual interest to redevelop the brownfield area, they will have different interests as well. In order to indicate their specific interest and the negotiation outcome regarding the forming of a public private partnership, this paper makes use of an experimental game theory approach. Three specific negotiation issues were analyzed in our research: a building claim, future land use and reparcelling of the land. In addition, this paper suggests an eight-step procedure to conduct a game theoretical experiment. A survey was conducted in order to gather the required data for the experiment. The data have been used to estimate the payoffs variations between the two key parties in the mentioned negotiation games. Finally, by comparing sub game perfect Nash equilibrium generated game outcomes and direct expected outcomes of respondents, this paper experimentally proves that the game theoretical analysis provides a valid representation of a real world brownfield redevelopment negotiation within the Dutch institutional-economic context. The outcome of the experiment confirms the Dutch tradition of public private partnerships in urban development practice, with public and private bodies willing to share financial risks and returns in these projects.     

Characteristics and land use of contaminated brownfield properties in voluntary cleanup agreement programs

This paper reports exploratory empirical research on the property characteristics and land use of contaminated brownfield properties. This research investigated 1415 contaminated brownfield properties in environmental cleanup programs in the states of New York and Texas in the US. This research attempts to clarify some confusion about contaminated brownfield sites, provide detailed information on the diverse land uses that caused the contamination on these properties, and to provide a better base of knowledge about brownfield sites that may be used in developing and implementing policy to remediate and redevelop contaminated brownfields properties in both older industrial regions and in more recently industrialized regions. This research analyzed land use data for these properties at the time they became contaminated and at the time they entered the environmental cleanup program. It also attempts to identify similarities and differences in the characteristics of the properties in these two states with strikingly different histories of industrialization. Several common assumptions about brownfield properties are extracted from the literature review and tested using the data. Some of our results are surprising, including the variety of past land uses of these contaminated brownfield properties and the differences in the history of land use and the characteristics of the properties in the older versus newer industrial region.     

Stock measurement and regeneration policy approaches to ‘hardcore’ brownfield sites: England and Japan compared

This paper discusses key contextual differences and similarities in a comparative study on brownfield regeneration in England and Japan. Over the last decade, the regeneration of large-scale ‘flagship’ projects has been a primary focus in England, and previous research has discussed policy issues and key barriers at these sites. However, further research is required to explore specific barriers associated with problematic ‘hardcore’ sites suffering from long-term dereliction due to site-specific obstacles such as contamination and fragmented ownership. In comparison with England, brownfield regeneration is a relatively new urban agenda in Japan. Japan has less experience in terms of promoting redevelopment of brownfield sites at national level and the specific issues of ‘hardcore’ sites have been under-researched. The paper reviews and highlights important issues in comparing the definitions, national policy frameworks and the current stock of brownfields.     

Inventorying heavy metal pollution in redeveloped brownfield and its policy contribution: Case study from Tiexi District,Shenyang, China

As the pollution of urban soil in brownfield redevelopment sites can adversely affect the surrounding ecosystems and human health, China's rapid urbanization and industrialization necessitates the remediation, treatment and redevelopment of contaminated urban soil. This study aims to address the policy implications of inventorying and mapping soil heavy-metal pollution in brownfield redevelopment sites in China, using the Tiexi district in Shenyang as a case study. Enrichment factors analysis of the soil samples proved that the soil in the brownfield sites was highly enriched with copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, arsenic and nickel relative to background values. Furthermore, the analysis of the pollution index and the integrated Nemerow pollution index also indicated that the soil was most heavily polluted by cadmium. The hot-spot metal contamination areas, determined using geographical information system technology, were mainly located near historical high-pollution enterprises. Based on our findings, policy recommendations for further brownfield management are proposed.     

Brownfield redevelopment in Toronto: an examination of past trends and future prospects

Although the development of greenfield sites in suburban peripheries is still the predominant trend in Canada, in the decade of the 1990s a growing inclination to redevelop under-utilized urban brownfield sites emerged. This study describes brownfield redevelopment patterns in the former “City of Toronto” during the 1990s and examines the key factors shaping them. The relevant data for the study were compiled from a City of Toronto land-use database, the appurtenant policy and planning studies, interviews with stakeholders, and case studies. Toronto's redevelopment experience has obvious implications for cities of similar socio-cultural and socio-economic character undergoing redevelopment planning and can thus be viewed as a “case-in-point” in brownfield redevelopment planning and policy.     

Brownfield risk communication and evaluation

Brownfield development is a risky business requiring specific knowledge and sensible judgement in order to create valuable real estate capital. This paper approaches brownfield risk in a multi-criterion, multi-actor interactive framework, taking into account the risks perceived and communicated by key actors. The paper begins with the development of a generic risk evaluation model using the analytical hierarchical process; this is followed by a primary purposive survey of experts’ stated-preference for weighting, ranking and scoring of risk factors developed earlier by the authors. The risk evaluation leads to a consistent hierarchy of risk factors influence brownfield decisions in the Melbourne context. Results indicate that site specific and project risks are the most important in brownfield development decision-making. Financial and market and planning risks are moderately important. Political and legal and socio-economic risks are relatively less important. The findings also indicate some inter sub-group variation in the relative importance of the risk factors. Developers rate financial and market and site specific risks most highly. Least of the developers’ concern is the socio-economic risk. Planners and consultants rate site specific and project risks highly. The AHP-based risk evaluation model is a new addition to the literature, and the findings may help improve explicit evaluation and communication in brownfield project financial decision and value reporting.     

棕地再开发国内外比较研究

在过去两百年里,工业化的快速高速发展既为人类创造了巨大的物质财富,也推动了全球城市化的快速发展。然而随着产业结构转型升级,很多城市面临的是大量的废弃工业用地如何重新利用的问题,这便是"棕地"问题。虽然"棕地"的概念至今尚无统一的标准,引入我国的时间也不长,没有引起相关研究者足够重视,但在我国"棕地"问题已经开始出现,必须引起我们的足够重视。本文通过探讨"棕地"的概念和分类,通过对发达国家治理对策的分析,从国内外棕地的研究历史出发,探讨后工业化阶段我国可以借鉴的经验并提出棕地开发的对策。     

Social networks and small business performance in West African border regions

This paper studies the links between economic performance and social networks in West Africa. Using data collected on 358 small-scale traders in five border markets, we show that social networks can be simultaneously a resource which positively contributes to labour market outcomes and a social burden that has a negative economic impact. Testing the effect of social networks between small traders and three categories of actors, we find that the most well-connected actors are also the most successful in terms of monthly profit. The effects of social networks are, however, dependent on the type of persons with whom traders are connected. We show that support received from state representatives and politicians is converted into economic performance, while the impact of law enforcement officers on the monthly profits of traders is not significant. We also find that interacting with traditional religious leaders has a negative effect on economic performance. Our work has two implications: Firstly, collecting data on social networks remains challenging due to endogeneity. Secondly, network-enhancing policies should aim at improving both the internal connectivity of economic actors at the local level and their external connectivity with the rest of the world.     

Residential development on gardens in England: Their role in providing sustainable housing supply

Development of garden land has attracted political and media attention in recent years, yet there remained uncertainty over whether the issue was nationally or locally significant. Gardens are not a land use in their own right and have no special status in planning law. This enabled them to be considered, until very recently, as previously developed land according to The Brownfield Guide (English Partnerships, 2006). This allowed garden sites to be developed for new housing, thereby helping some authorities to meet their targets for residential development on brownfield land as monitored through their strategic housing land availability assessment (SHLAA). This paper reports the findings of a survey of local planning authorities carried out in 2009 and focused on planning applications and permissions on garden sites over a five year period ending 31 March 2008. The results reveal that garden development was a significant issue in only certain regional contexts, South East, London and West Midlands, and its actual and potential contribution to the local housing stock was variable. Where other forms of brownfield land were in short supply, garden sites might be crucial in meeting targets. The paper examines the policy framework underpinning such applications and shows that where local planning authorities had specific policies on the subject in place they were able to reach more robust decisions on garden site planning applications and there was less likelihood of first stage rejection decisions being overturned on appeal.     

广西贺州市生态旅游的投入-产出分析

运用"投入—产出分析"对贺州市生态旅游的经济影响进行定量分析,结果表明:贺州市生态旅游对社会服务业和餐饮业依赖程度高,对其他行业的依赖程度相对较低;经济效益好,但基础薄弱;就业人员为当地的经济增长贡献大,但对社会就业的带动能力有限;投资乘数偏小。     

Paths of urban planning in a post-mining area. A case study of a former sandpit in southern Poland

Decision-making on the directions of spatial development are particularly visible in post-mining areas in large cities. This issue is one of the key themes in a discourse that focuses on how to reconcile strategic urban planning and urban policy in post-mining towns, and is based on the concepts of brownfield regeneration and just transition. This paper approaches the issue by taking the redevelopment of the site of a large former stowing sand pit, operated for the needs of coal mining in Sosnowiec near Krakow (southern Poland), as an example. The dilemma concerns turning the former mining area into a new zone for industrial investment or transforming it into a leisure area around a new reservoir. An important part of the study involved obtaining, via a questionnaire survey, the opinions of residents as to their vision for how the former sandpit should be redeveloped. The paper underlines that due to limited social participation in this regard, this is a challenging issue for local urban policy. In post-mining towns, in which sustainable development is particularly important, the changeability of socio-economic phenomena on the one hand and residents' opinions on the other merit special attention.     

海门市土地利用结构优化研究

在对海门市土地利用现状分析的基础上。结合当地社会经济发展的需求和有关规划控制指标。借助灰色线性规划模型求解未来该市土地利用结构优化数据。寻求符合社会，经济和生态三效益的土地利用规划方案。并在实施中取得了较为满意的效果。     

退耕还林工程效益评价与对策建议——以合肥市郊区三县为例

以安徽省合肥市郊区三县退耕还林作为研究对象,采取随机抽样调查与统计数据相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,对合肥市郊区三县退耕还林的生态、经济和社会三大效益进行客观的评价与分析。研究发现:合肥市退耕还林工程在生态效益、社会效益和经济效益上都取得了一定的绩效,但退耕农户以农为主的收入结构没有根本改变,农户增收的不稳定性也增大。并就合肥市退耕还林的后续发展提出了相应的建议。     

A High Road to Sustainability? Wildflower Harvesting,Ethical Trade and Social Upgrading in South Africa's Western Cape

This paper evaluates the outcomes from an ambitious wildflower harvesting programme in South Africa's Western Cape, which has sought to achieve positive outcomes in terms of socio‐economic development and biodiversity conservation. Indigenous wildflowers, harvested according to conservation principles, are processed into ‘Cape Flora’ bouquets and sold into international and domestic markets. The principal supply chain provides an example of ethical trade due to the explicit environmental and social standards that are required at local sites of production. The incorporation of such standards represents an attempt to engender economic and social upgrading within the value chain. In this sense, the programme is consistent with dominant policy discourses, which suggest that exploiting potentially profitable niches within international trade flows represents a ‘high road’ to economic growth and transformation. The paper focuses upon the job creation and social impacts of the programme in the context of efforts to overcome South Africa's deeply entrenched socio‐economic disparities and high poverty levels. Despite impressive growth in production and exports during the global financial crisis, there have been mixed outcomes in terms of benefits to stakeholders at the upstream end of the supply chain. The paper concludes by considering the extent to which local initiatives operating under the framework of ethical trade possess the potential to facilitate effective social and economic upgrading.     

对农用地价值功能及其价格构成的新思考

文章首先对农用地价值功能进行了分析，认为农用地不仅具有生产价值功能和资产增殖价值功能．还具有生态环境价值功能、社会保障价值功能、社会稳定价值功能及其他价值功能。接着，对农用地价格构成进行了探析．将农用地价格分解为经济收益价格、生态收益价格与社会收益价格三个部分，以往的农用地估价注重的是经济收益价值．而忽视了生态收益价值与社会收益价值。     

Land use regulation and social regulation: an unexplored link. Some reflections on the origins and evolution of sprawl in the Veneto “città diffusa”

While the question of social and political regulation (in Polanyi’s sense) in areas characterized by industrial districts and systems of SMEs is well-known, alongside the effects of globalization in such situations, the role of land use regulation as a public policy has been underestimated. The sprawl that connotes these situations (and in particular our case-study, the Veneto region) has usually been intended as the product of a laissez-faire orientation. In our paper, we try instead to demonstrate that sprawl, in the golden age of development, has been intentionally pursued, through specific technical mechanisms and widely accepted policy discourses. The “planned sprawl” has been largely socially shared, and significantly contributed to, by a peculiar embeddedness of the public action in market and reciprocity mechanisms, to social integration and economic effectiveness, until the change of international division of labor, social and cultural transformations, and the rise of severe negative externalities as unintended consequence of the “planned sprawl”. Moreover, the paper discusses the lack of effectiveness of the recent regional reform of territorial planning in coping with the new social and economic requirements, compared to the variety of urban projects based on a governance style.     

Land consolidation in Cyprus: A vital policy for rural reconstruction

Like many old peasant societies, Cyprus has suffered from the fragmentation of landholdings. Beginning in 1969, the government has pursued an active policy of land consolidation. Drawing on the author's investigation of schemes introduced into five villages between 1969 and 1974, this paper examines the economic, social and psychological effects of the consolidation policy. It is found that as a legislative tool for the reform of Cypriot agrarian structure land consolidation has been a resounding success. There have been rapid economic and social changes, which have generally been welcomed by those affected. It is noted that in the longer term re-fragementation of holdings may occur, and questions arise over the long-term viability of the scheme. However, other Mediterranean countries are encouraged to study the Cypriot experience.     

基于双重约束的区域耕地整理适宜性评价研究

[目的]科学合理的适宜性评价是确保耕地整理能够有效开展的前提条件,同时对于我国的耕地保护与粮食安全保障也具有极为重要的意义。[方法]该研究首先选取可以反映区域耕地整理适宜性的指标因子,然后参考胡学东提出的约束条件评价模型,引入区域生态安全和社会经济双重约束,对研究区域在双重约束下的耕地整理适宜性进行评价,并通过K-Means聚类法将研究区域的耕地整理适宜性分区进行合理划分。[结果]生态安全约束和社会经济约束对区域耕地整理适宜性水平具有重大影响,高生态安全约束与高社会经济约束会降低耕地整理的适宜性,低生态安全约束与低社会经济约束会提高耕地整理的适宜性。[结论]引入生态安全约束和社会经济约束后,可以在一定程度上反映山地区域在社会经济与生态安全双重约束状态下的耕地整理适宜性情况,耕地整理适宜性评价结果更加符合当地实际情况,约束条件评价模型可以更加合理准确地对处于约束条件下的耕地整理适宜性进行评价,是对耕地整理适宜性评价方法的丰富与完善。     

我国海岛渔村社会变迁研究(1990-2013)——基于浙江樟州渔村的田野调查

过去的二十余年间,海岛渔农村社会不论是经济、社会文化,还是人口等领域都发生了深刻的社会变迁。通过对案例地的田野调查,探讨了传统渔村发生的经济变迁、社会文化变迁和人口变迁。认为渔村发生了显著的经济变迁,主要表现为生产关系发生了变革,集体所有制向股份合作制转变,渔业生产力得到了快速发展,村民的收入和生活水平大幅提高;渔村的社会文化变迁主要体现在生产作业方式的变化、村民消费结构的变化以及卫生环保观念的变化等方面;渔村社会出现了大规模的人口变迁现象,集中体现在村民的外流和外来务工人员的进入,空心化问题凸出。在此基础之上总结分析了渔村社会变迁中存在的负向效应以及在社会变迁进程中暴露出来的问题。