美联储救助企业债市场的政策

<正>2020年以来,为应对新冠肺炎疫情带来债券市场流动性急剧恶化的冲击,美联储迅速开启多种流动性工具,除常规货币政策工具外,还重启了商业票据融资机制（CPFF）,并首次推出了用于支持实体企业债券发行的一级市场公司信贷工具（PMCCF）和二级市场公司信贷工具（SMCCF）。美联储推出新型货币政策工具的动因     

美联储的结构性货币政策研究

<正>实践证明,在金融市场动荡及经济衰退发生时,美联储的结构性货币政策对恢复金融市场稳定性和促进复苏增长效果明显,但应对流动性陷阱仍然存在障碍,与总量性货币政策仍存在冲突。在2008年金融危机和经济衰退期间,美联储在实施其宽松货币政策中为了应对零利率下限推出了量化宽松（QE）等非常规的总量性货币政策工具;同时为了应对流动性陷阱和银行惜贷又推出了更具有差异性和针对性的结构性货币政策工具。     

美联储固定利率全额供应隔夜逆回购协议工具的运用及前景

为提高对短期利率的管理能力等,美联储联邦公开市场委员会（FOMC）透露将可能使用新的货币政策工具,即固定利率全额供应隔夜逆回购协议。文章分析了该工具推出的原因,总结了美联储在使用该工具过程中对其所做的主要调整,并评价了该工具的使用效果,梳理了各方关于该工具使用前景的观点。     

美联储货币政策与回购操作

该文在分析美国回购市场的基础上,对美联储回购／逆回购货币政策工具进行了详细分析。2008年金融危机以前,回购和逆回购仅是美联储临时性政策工具,总体交易规模很小。实证结果表明,金融危机后国债隔夜回购的市场交易利率能预测美联储国债隔夜回购利率变动,且美联储的国债隔夜回购利率相对更高。2013年8月,美联储推出隔夜固定利率全额（给定额度内）供应逆回购工具,为将来美联储退出QE过程做准备。2013年最后两个交易日,该工具操作规模分别约为1000亿美元和2000亿美元,引发市场关注。     

美国货币政策对我国股票市场的影响研究——基于TVP-VAR模型

在美联储货币政策调整、退出QE在即的背景下,研究美联储货币政策如何影响我国股票市场具有较强现实意义。本文运用时变VAR模型,分析美国货币政策在不同阶段对我国股票市场的影响和溢出效应。研究结果显示：美联储货币政策工具（利率调整和公开市场操作）与我国主要股指有较高的关联性;在不同时期,美联储利率调整和公开市场操作均对我国股票市场产生负面冲击,且利率调整的冲击效应更强;在美联储重启QE初期（2020年7月）,美联储公开市场操作对我国股市整体的冲击效应最大,而利率调整对我国房地产股指的影响较大。     

我眼中的银行卡业务创新

创新乃发展动力之源。创新活动已经通过银行卡业务渗透到人们生活的各个方面。 创新有时是从遵循规则管理的需求中创造出来的，有时却是从处理危机的过程中创造出来的。比如在美国次贷危机中，为应急救市，美联储推出了短期标售工具（TAF）、定期证券借贷工具（TSLF）、初级交易商信贷工具（PDCF）和定期回购协议等新货币政策工具，为美联储在未来持续监管并盘活市场提供了有力的帮助。     

次贷危机中美联储非常规货币政策应对、影响和效果

本文首先分析次贷危机中美联储货币政策所面临的两大难题,即传统货币政策工具难以应对以及如何应对金融加速器机制的巨大破坏作用,然后从传统货币政策工具的使用、货币政策工具创新、货币政策的协调与配合及量化宽松货币政策再启动四个方面考察美联储应对危机的货币政策操作。最后文章分析了美联储货币政策应对的影响和效果,体现为美联储通过信用扩张维护金融市场的稳定和通过建立货币政策工具的退出机制关注长期通胀;文章同时也分析了美联储购入大量风险资产带来的风险;对第三类创新工具有效性进行了检验,发现其并不显著。     

货币政策工具选择与小微企业融资研究

经济新常态和新冠肺炎疫情时代的经济大环境对货币政策工具的运用效果和小微企业融资产生了重要影响,2021年《政府工作报告》提出"务必做到小微企业融资更为便利."在简要梳理部分学者研究成果、货币政策传导机制和近年来货币政策工具应用及小微企业融资情况的基础上,构建向量自回归VAR模型,实证分析不同货币政策工具对小微企业融资的...     

QE3：蓄势待发

步入2011年下半年，有关美联储是甭会推出第三轮最化宽松货币政策（QE3）的讨论骤然升温。     

积极应对“后QE时代”人民币贬值预期

实际上,美联储退出非常规货币政策导致大规模的资本流出,将可能使得我国境内流动性紧张。因此,境内货币政策应进行适当调整。 3N20日,美联储发布了今年第二次FOMC（联邦公开市场委员会）会议决议,这也是美联储新任主席耶伦首次出席会议后的新闻发布会。这次会议表明,美联储正在加快退出非常规的货币政策（QE）,提前进入加息周期。美联储货币政策变化动向,将对全球和中国经济产生深刻影响。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.