定期租船合同下承运人身份识别

承运人身份识别问题在海上货物运输中一直是个非常重要的问题。因为当货物在运输途中损坏、灭失时，货物索赔方必须首先确定谁将对此海上货物运输负责，亦即确定谁是承运人。此外，承运人识别不仅可有实体法上的意义，还往往同时因为程序上的原因更显得重要。通常，确定承运人最基本的原则是：履行运输义务的责任方即籽在动人。但是，定期租船合同下运输义务由船舶所有人和承运人分担，这样，船舶所有人或承租人都有可能被视为承运人。理论上，提单由船长或其代理人签发就如同船舶所有人签发，但是，在定期租船合同下，提单既可能代表船长签发又可代表承租人签发。而且，提单有持有者没有义务调查谁是承运人，而承运人身份从提单中也并不总是明确的，而且当提单中包含一个承运人身份条款时，问题将变得更为复杂。现在通行的国际公约《海牙规则》中对“carrier”的定义并不明确，只能得出船舶所有人或承租人都可能成为承运人的结论，而各国法律对此问题的规定的不同，导致各国司法实践的差异，都使承运人身份问题变得难以确定。本文旨在从承运人身份背景探索出发，以定期租船合同特点及功能、定期租船合同下签发提单记载内容及相关条款为主线，对定期租船合同下承运人身份识别作一探讨。     

试论海运提单的风险及防范措施

我国《海商法》第71条规定：“提单．是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接管或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。”提单既是重要的航运单证，又是重要的贸易单证。提单是托运人按事先与承运人达成的货物运输协议，将货     

谈转船提单无必要独立存在

转船提单(Transhipment BillS of Lading和联运提单(Through Bills of Lading)两者有没有区别?国内有关著作既说有区别,又说实质上没有什么区别或区别不大。这种模棱两可之说极易引起人们的争论,因此转船提单是否有存在的必要倒是一个值得商榷的间题。转船提单和联运提单都是海上运送货物的运输单证。它是随着国际间的联合运输业务的产生而相应产生的一种联合运输单证。     

比较海牙规则、维斯比规则、汉堡规则及我国《海商法》有关海上承运人免责条款的规定

1924年《关于统一提单某些法律规定的国际公约》(简称《海牙规则》)、1968年《关于修订统一提单某些法律规定的国际公约议定书》(简称《维斯比规则》)及1978年《联合国海上货物运输合同公约》(简称《汉堡规则》)这三个并列的调整海上货运合同的国际公约,均以规范承运人责任作为其核心内容。我国虽未加入上述     

论海运单及其法律问题

一、经济生活中的新问题 在国际海洋运输及贸易中,提单被广泛运用的传统由来已久。但在最近几十年中,提单的地位正面临着一些新兴海运单证的挑战,而这些新型单证引发的纠纷也为法律界提出了问题,尤以海运单为典型。以下试举一例:     

简述海牙规则汉堡规则鹿特丹规则及其关于承运人责任的差别

《海牙规则》、《汉堡规则》、《鹿特丹规则》作为海上运输的国际公约,具有一定的相关性和差异性,是适应海洋运输贸易的的发展所形成的。本文简要介绍了《海牙规则》、《汉堡规则》、《鹿特丹规则》的发展历程,并以承运人的视角比较了三者之间的差异。     

无船承运业务中的提单侵权风险及其防范

在对外贸易和运输行业，依据我国的传统理念，人们习惯上将介于对外贸易和外贸运输之间的服务行业称为货运代理业。如今货运代理行业的经营人出现了一个明显的分化趋势：一种是仍然以托运人或承运人代理的身份，从事单证、码头、海关等配合外贸运输的服务业务；而另一种则以合同当事人的身份，分别同托运人和承运人签订运输合同，以当事人身份完全介入外贸运输的整个过程，对托运人来讲，其身份是承运人，对承运人来讲，其身份是托运人。对于后一种行业主体，我国及国外有些国家将其称为无船承运人。在有无船承运人参与的海上运输过程中，由于存在两个相互独立的海上运输合同和两套提单，因而可能会出现提单侵权纠纷，本结合案例分析无船承运业务中的提单侵权风险及其防范。     

《鹿特丹规则》下承运人责任变化的评析

随着经济的发展,商业贸易的频繁,海上货物运输越来越重要。海上货物运输的三个公约《海牙规则》、《海牙-维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》,以国际货物运输的发展变化而变化,承运人责任部分一直都是争论的焦点之一。本文通过对《联合国全程或部分国际海上货物运输合同公约》(《鹿特丹规则》)中关于承运人责任的变化进行分类总结,在此基础上,对《鹿特丹规则》关于承运人责任的变化进行评析：责任期间的扩大使用需慎重;适航的更改、赔偿责任限制的提高、迟延交付的赔偿以及免责事由的更改都具有其存在合理性。     

国际海运中承运人如何规避风险

承运人为了规避运输途中的风险会尽可能地将运输条款研读好,在运输中使自己风险最小化。在整个国际贸易货物运输的过程中,承运人是重要一环。承运人的理性会使承运人在运输过程中仔细考虑自己该做些什么、该怎么做。承运人在承运的各个环节都可能出现一定的风险,因此,规避风险应该在运输的各个环节体现。国际贸易中货物运输的一般模式是出口人或进口人根据不同的贸易术语或贸易合同与承运人订立运输合同,由承运人负责贸易中货物的运输,因此在每笔国际货物贸易中几乎都少不了承运人的参与,而海洋运输的承运人又占据了承运人中的多数席位。     

提单纠纷的类型与防范

在国际货物买卖中,提单代表货物的所有权,是承运人与托运人之间运输合同的证明,是承运人和托运人之间处理争议的重要依据.由于提单涉及的法律关系十分复杂,引起提单纠纷的原因多种多样,因此,分析提单纠纷类型,以便在实际业务中规避和防范提单的风险.     

国际贸易中“货物收据”(FCR)的认定及出口商的因应策略

近年来,FCR作为一种新型的国际贸易单据,在中国对外贸易中逐渐开始使用。与提单相比较,FCR具有其独特的性质及功能,它只是接收货物的一种收据,不具备物权凭证的效力,不具有可转让性,货物只能交给FCR载明的记名收货人。但只要其符合一定条件,FCR可构成"海上货物运输合同的证明",承运人须依FCR履行其运输合同义务。FCR签发人与出口商的关系可能表现为货运代理合同关系,也可能为货物运输合同关系,甚至无任何合同关系,他们之间的关系不同,FCR签发人的责任就不同。信用证付款方式下使用FCR时,出口商接受FCR可能存在无法控制货款和货物运输权等风险,对此出口商须采取相应的因应策略来维护自身权益。     

基于提单收发货人的记载谈出口方对物价权的控制

出口商为了防范收汇风险,控制货物所有权则尤为必要。物权控制除了选择运输方式、运输单据之外,主要体现在海运提单中对收、发货人的记载。当存在结汇风险时,卖方应选择海洋运输及海运提单,同时提单的收货人做成凭托运人指示抬头、空白抬头或凭开证行指示抬头;托运人则一定要是卖方。而凭收货人指示抬头和“第三方提单”则可能会使出口商丧失对物权的控制。     

完善中小物流企业劳动合同管理的若干对策研究

物流企业在劳动合同管理上仍存在着缺陷和不足,尤其是中小物流企业表现的尤为明显,这些问题包括:签订书面劳动合同的比例偏低;劳动合同管理的有关规章制度不完善;劳动合同管理机构不健全;管理人员的素质不能满足业务发展的需要。针对以上问题,笔者提出如下对策:树立"依法用工"的观念,积极与员工签订和完善书面劳动合同;进一步完善劳动合同管理的规章制度;健全劳动合同管理机构及管理机制;不断提高劳动合同管理人员的业务素质。     

国际贸易合同适用国际贸易惯例的实证分析

国际私法领域的国际贸易惯例与国际公法领域的国际惯例有着明显的区别。它与国际贸易合同的关系十分密切,无论惯例的适用、修改抑或排除都离不开合同的规定。最新国际贸易惯例有发展当事人意思自治原则的新趋向,允许甚至明确赋予合同当事人有选择、修改或排除适用惯例的权利。本文在探讨国际贸易惯例定义及其与合同关系的基础上,着重论证国际贸易惯例在合同中的实际适用及适用时应当注意的若干问题。     

论员工心理契约的管理

员工心理契约与书面契约并存 ,它可以看作是书面契约的一个补充 ,对维系雇佣关系 ,保持员工士气等方面都起着十分重要的作用。文章首先回顾了心理契约产生和研究的历史 ,然后分析了心理契约的功能与违背的行为模式 ,最后提出了管理员工心理契约的对策。     

会计规则剩余控制权与会计规则的分类治理模式探讨

在不完全契约的理论框架下,企业的控制权来自于剩余控制权,而剩余控制权源于对物资资产的财产所有权.随着组织形态的复杂化和多样化不断加强,古典意义中的剩余控制权也逐渐呈现出多种多样的表现形式.本文主要对会计规则控制权进行深入的研究,并对会计规则的分类治理模式做了细致的分析,以期对相关的工作人员有所帮助.     

BtoC方式订立的电子商务合同探析

电子商务中BtoC方式订立的电子商务合同是消费者网上购物的主要模式,这种合同其主体资格的确认,对于企业来讲较为容易,而对于消费者来说则比较困难,其要约以企业在网站做出展示为准,承诺以消费者下订单为准,合同履行地的区分以履行的标的是否为实物而有所不同。     

论卖方宣告合同无效的法律问题——兼析《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第64条

在国际货物买卖实践中,当买方违约,卖方解除合同或宣告合同无效的情事时有发生。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》为解决"自动解除合同"制度下合同解除后合同效力状态的不确定性等问题,设立了"宣告合同无效"的制度。然而,该制度尚不能完全解决合同无效的宣告是否满足合同解除条件的问题,实践中,错误宣告合同无效、非法解除合同现象仍然存在。据此,本文从学理研究和判解研究着手,研习《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》下宣告合同无效制度的价值所在,探讨《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第64条在司法实践中的运用,并阐释卖方宣告合同无效与买方违约补救的关系,从而进一步廓清《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》"宣告合同无效"制度的价值取向和运用规则,以表一管之见。     

The organization of relational contracts: The allocation of rights in franchising

Franchising contracts are designed to bring together two kinds of entrepreneurs, the franchiser and the franchisee, and to maintain their relationship in the long run. In contrast to standard exchange contracts in law, which are specifically designed to bring about the completion of an exchange efficiently, franchise contracts are designed to make it possible for the entrepreneurs to initiate, to maintain, and to eventually terminate their relationship without dispute. The research reported in this article is an attempt to see how the dual purpose of franchising contracts are achieved. The article first describes the internal organization of franchise contracts (what we called the micro-contractual aspects) and how different kinds of rights and obligations are allocated to accomplish these multiple ends. The second part of the article provides an empirical examination of 30 franchise contracts to see if the internal organization of the contracts influence both the expansion of the franchise operations through new franchises and the amount of dispute between the two sides of franchise contracts.Every franchise contract includes a set of provisions that define the commencement, termination, and ongoing operations of franchise relations. The internal organization of franchise contracts specifies what kinds of rights and obligations are distributed to the parties and the nature of this allocation within each domain of provisions. We argue that the commencement and termination aspects of franchise contracts are usually written in order to make the relationship between the parties clear, and the contingencies specific. In these provisions, the contract is written in discrete terms in which each party's rights and duties are specifically delineated. The contractual provisions dealing with the ongoing operations and the conduct of the parties, on the other hand, cannot be made specific because it is impossible to define all the future contingencies and possible business opportunities. Under these conditions, the contract is usually written in relational terms in which each party's rights and obligations are defined in terms of powers and liabilities towards each other rather than in terms of specific duties and rights.One critical consequence of writing contracts that include powers and liabilities, however, is that it may lead to disputes and undesirable conflict that are detrimental to the success of the franchise. In order to deal with these conflicts among the parties, the contract needs to specify conflict resolution mechanisms that are an integral part of franchise contracts.These general arguments are tested with the use of 30 randomly selected franchise contracts from a diverse set of businesses. Our results show that, indeed, different parts of franchise contracts allocate rights and obligations differently and the more relational a contract becomes the more likely that it would include various dispute resolution mechanisms. We also found that the success of a franchise contract, which is measured by the number of legal disputes it generates and the growth of franchised units, is influenced by the existence of relational provisions and the explicit dispute resolution mechanisms included in the contract.We recommend that franchise contracts should be written to make the commencement and termination aspect of the relationship as discrete as possible. The operations and conduct provisions of the contract, on the other hand, should be written in relational terms to give the parties the ability to respond to changes in business conditions without renegotiating the contract.It is usually the tendency on the part of franchise lawyers to write discrete contracts that attempt to specify every conceivable contingency to avoid future disputes. We argue here that a better strategy is to limit the discrete aspects of the contract to the commencement and termination clauses and to concentrate more on the dispute resolution mechanisms that can become an integral part of the contract. Thus, we also recommend that various dispute resolution mechanisms, such as franchisee associations, franchisee councils, and third party arbitration should be set up within the contract to address the possible disputes early on rather than to wait for potentially very costly court proceedings for both parties.     

The Communication Contract and Its Ten Ground Clauses

Global society issues are putting increasing pressure on both small and large organizations to communicate ethically at all levels. Achieving this requires social skills beyond the choice of language or vocabulary and relies above all on individual social responsibility. Arguments from social contract philosophy and speech act theory lead to consider a communication contract that identifies the necessary individual skills for ethical communication on the basis of a limited number of explicit clauses. These latter are pragmatically binding for all partners involved and help to ensure that the ground rules of cooperative communication are observed within a group or an organization. Beyond promoting ethical communication, the communication contract clarifies how individual discursive behaviour can be constructively and ethically monitored by group leaders in business meetings. A case study which shows what may happen when ground clauses of ethical communication are violated is presented. The conclusions of the study highlights why attempting to respect the communication contract is in the best interest of all partners at all levels within any group or organization.