The take-over market for privately held companies: the US experience

The volume of acquisitions involving privately held firms hasfar surpassed that of publicly traded firms in recent years;yet this segment of the take-over market remains largely unexplored.In analysing the unique features of private target take-overs,we compare the mergers and acquisitions markets for unquotedand quoted firms on several dimensions including methods ofpayment, offer premiums and bidder wealth effects. Our resultsshow that these mergers provide positive shareholder wealthbenefits for bidders and relatively high premiums for privatelyheld targets. Also, the market's reaction depends on whetherit perceives the price paid for the target as too high or toolow, a rational response given the sentiment at the time ofthe announcement.     

实施走出去战略成效显著

经过二十多年的努力,我国的对外开放已经取得了举世瞩目的成绩。发展对外贸易、有效利用外商投资、积极开展国际经济合作等措施大大促进了国民经济的快速发展和综合国力的日益提高,使我国具备了一定的国际竞争实力。实施“走出去”的开放战略是世纪之交党中央总揽全局,根据国内外发展新形势做出的重大决策。朱基总理在九届人大三次、四次和今年召开的九届人大五次会议的《政府工作报告》中多次指出：应该继续实施“走出去”战略,鼓励和支持有条件的各类所有制企业,到国外特别是周边国家投资办厂和承包工程,带动国内技术、设备、材料和…     

The gravity model analysis: an application on MERCOSUR trade flows

This paper explores the determinants of bilateral trade flows between Mercosur countries. To this aim, a gravity model is applied to annual bilateral exports between 75 countries in 1980–2008. The model is augmented with variables that are relevant in determining the volume and direction of international trade using two alternative estimation methods; pooled ordinary least squares and panel fixed effects. The results reveal that the influence of the agreement on trade has been positive but moderate. As a whole, Mercosur has had positive effects, and this agreement can be reinforced with the deepening of their relationships and the entry of new members.     

Knowledge codification and technological innovation success: Empirical evidence from Spanish biotech companies

This paper analyzes the influence of knowledge codification on technological innovation in a sample of Spanish firms from the biotechnology sector. It tests how codification affects firms' development of incremental and radical innovations and their attempts to keep their investments exclusive by building barriers to imitation and to substitution. The work also considers the incorporation of legal protection measures. The results show, on the one hand, that knowledge codification is only beneficial for developing incremental innovations and, on the other, that firms must incorporate systems of legal protection into their codification practices if they want to keep their innovations exclusive.     

柏克德公司经营战略模式及其启示

二十多年来,中国的经济发展一直在走高能耗、高产出的粗放型道路。但是,在国内外各种原材料价格急剧上升,国际石油期货价格突破每桶70美元,铁矿石价格上涨70%的今天,改变经济增长方式,建立节约型社会的任务刻不容缓。而“走出去”实现产业转移,发掘和利用更多国际资源是中国经济继续保持可持续发展的重要方式。在“走出去”的主要形式中,对外工程承包非常重要。而中国的承包商要走向国际市场,绝对不能仅仅依靠我国廉价的劳动力资源。学习国外先进建筑工程企业的经验和做法是尽快与国际接轨的捷径。美国建筑工程行业的领袖柏克德公司(B echt…     

The motivations,institutions and organization of university-industry collaborations in the Netherlands

This study builds on the economics and organization literatures to explore whether and how institutions and organizational structure complement or substitute each other to create specific spaces of alignment where specific individual actors’ motivations co-exist. Focusing on university-industry collaborations, the study examines whether and how different axes of alignment of university and industry motivations are integrated in projects with specific technological objectives and organizational structures, benefitting from the presence of specific institutions designed to facilitate collaboration. Empirically, the study relies on in-depth data on 30 university-industry collaborations in the Netherlands, and provides preliminary evidence that the technological objective and organizational structure of collaboration are malleable variables allowing the integration of both partners’ objectives and expectations. Different institutional incentives for university-industry collaboration favor specific axes of alignment of motivations and certain types of collaborative projects’ design. Hence, our exploratory results suggest that specific organizational and technological structures tend to prevail in the presence of specific institutions.     

汲取美国实践经验发展我国海外经营

在以和平与发展为时代特征的当今世界，经济因素在整个国际关系中占有越来越重要的地位，实现资源在更大范围内的有效配置，已经成为国际经济与合作的战略目标。美国是世界上最大的对外投资国，截至2000年底，美国拥有的海外资产高达61672亿美元，比1999年增加了2461亿美元。2000年美国对外直接投资1172亿美元，至此美国对外直接投资额已累计达到14452亿美元。越来越多的美国公司、企业走出国界，实行跨国经营。这些公司通过直接投资，在全球范围内组织生产和销售，形成了一大批跨国公司。这些跨国公司充分利用国外资源和市场，带动了美国经…     

Refining the debate on GM crops using technological foresight—the Danish experience

Rapid developments in and the controversial nature of biotechnology call for communication, networks, partnerships, and collaboration in research, not just among researchers, but also between researchers and research “users” in industry, government, and elsewhere. Technological foresight appears to offer a coordinating method for developing and strengthening those linkages. To test this, a technological foresight study was performed on genetically modified (GM) crop technology in the Danish context. The background of the study was the conflict and intense debate in Denmark over applications of gene technology, especially over the deliberate release of genetically modified (GM) crops. However, the current debate characteristically involves sharply opposed fronts, lacking willingness and courage to engage in a free-flowing and open-minded debate on both rational and normative components of biosafety. In it, stakeholders and experts on both side of the conflict advocate widely differing opinions. Without a proper generally intelligible dialogue, the broader public audience finds it hard to comprehend this type of debate. The study pursues the notion that public dialogue can act as a driver of future applications in the technological domain, specifically GM crops. The study concluded with a stakeholder workshop that revealed three key issues that might provide helpful starting points for a more free-flowing and open-minded debate about the future of GM crops. The issues were those arising from the following statements: a broad perspective on risk is crucial; international regulation must make allowance for developing countries; a better configuration of the risk debate is needed. These issues are discussed in more details in the article.     

我国企业境外上市再融资效果的实证研究

本文以在香港联交所主板境外上市的企业为样本,对我国企业在境外证券市场的权益资本再融资情况进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,我国企业在境外证券市场没有获得理想的再融资效果。     

上市公司会计舞弊与审计对策探析

近年来我国上市公司的会计舞弊案时有发生,上市公司的会计信息整体质量仍然不高,本文试图通过分析上市公司会计舞弊的内因与外因,针对其会计舞弊的主要方式--现金、收入确认、关联方交易和会计政策变更等舞弊行为进行分析,从而提出相应的审计对策.     

跨国公司对华投资冲击比较分析

上世纪 70 年代末 80 年代初,中国开始实行改革开放政策,从而吸引了大量跨国公司对华投资。特别是近十年来,中国经济增长迅速,市场规模的扩大和发展潜力为跨国公司入驻我国创造了良好的环境。中国吸引跨国公司数量之多、增长速度之快,受到全球瞩目。根据商务部最新资料显示,截止到 2005 年 1月底,全国累计批准设立外商投资企 业 512504 个 , 合 同 外 资 金 额11094.45 亿美元,实际使用外资金额5661.96 亿美元。目前,跨国公司已占到中国经济总量的近三分之一。然而任何问题都有两面性,跨国公 司 对中国经 济的增 长既 有积极的一面,也有一些…     

上市公司会计舞弊与审计对策探析

近年来我国上市公司的会计舞弊案时有发生，上市公司的会计信息整体质量仍然不高，本文试图通过分析上市公司会计舞弊的内因与外因，针对其会计舞弊的主要方式——现金、收入确认、关联方交易和会计政策变更等舞弊行为进行分析，从而提出相应的审计对策。     

定向募集公司股份流通

<正> 定向募集公司的产生定向募集股份公司是改革开放初期的产物。1992年5月15日,以国家体改委为首的十个国家有关部门颁布了《股份公司规范意见》(以下简称《意见》)以及13个配套文件。这些文件不仅首次确立了股份公司在中国产生和发展的合法性,而且根据中国国情对定向募集股份公司中的法人股和职工股从法律上予以了明确的规定,促进了定向募集公司在我国的迅速发展。按照《意见》规定,“定向募集公司”包括以“发起方式”和“定向募集方式”设立的公司,其中,以发起方式设立的公司主要面对国家大型建设项目,以定向募集方式设立的公司的股份包括发起人股、其他法人股和经批准的该公司内部职工股。无论是以发起方式还是以定向募集方式设     

The determinants of firm diversification in UK quoted companies

This paper examines the role of resource-based and governance factors in determining the boundaries of UK quoted companies, measured by both the probability and intensity of market diversification. Using a panel of over 2000 firms for the period 1988 to 2001 it is found that firm-level heterogeneity and industry characteristics account for the variability in diversification behaviour and that resource-based and governance factors interact in a complex manner not necessarily fully explained by the theoretical literature. The results also indicate that the degree of data aggregation has significant implications for the empirical modelling of market diversification.     

The research strategy in management of technological innovation

The increasing importance of technology in the application world has imposed high demand on the research community for insightful and useful principles about “management of technological innovation” (MTI). This paper examines the academic legacy in terms of conceptual categories, causal relationships and taxonomy of relevant systems, and asserts from a system perspective that MTI as an applied science is still in its infancy.Based on methodological argument, this paper warns of the danger of hasty compromise of strategically important topics to “popular” definition of “researchability,” and suggests several research guidelines and approaches for this young interdisciplinary discipline:

1. (1)To explore new frontiers, use “proximate variables,” consider contextual factors and causation in broad terms, conceptualize “independently,” and pay more attention to case study method.

2. (2)To understand driving forces, be aware of practice, and focus on internal dynamics.

3. (3)To transcend complexity, adopt a hierarchical structure perspective and state-and-flow concept, and condense findings into configurations.

Finally, this paper urges the formation of an overall research strategy to accelerate the accumulation of MTI grounded knowledge.     

Strategies of biotechnology companies

To identfy the R&D and marketing strategies adopted by by biotechnology firms in the UK, a survey was conducted spanning a range of biotechnology firm size, product, organizational arrangemens. and prior experiences with advanced technology. This was done using a comprehensive questionnaire similar to that used in a comparable investigation in the USA. Twenty-three firms active principally engaged in speciality chemicals human diagnostics and agricultural products.The information from the questionnaires was used to analyse the company strategies under three man headings. These were technology acquisitation,marketing and R&D. Companies were charecterized into three clusters within each of these headings. The means of appropriation for different strategies were then examined although the significance of the results was undermined by the small size. Finally, the relationship between R&D and marketing strategies within the same firms was investigated.     

Effects of trade diversion and trade creation of MERCOSUR on US and world apple markets

Apples are the third most valuable fruit in the United States and account for 18% of US fruit exports. Chile is a major competitor to the United States in the MERCOSUR market, since it is one of the leading apple producing countries and enjoys the tariff reductions as a member of MERCOSUR. Consequently, Chilean exports displace US exports in MERCOSUR. In addition, other MERCOSUR members import more from lower-cost Chile, leading to a reduction in production and an increase in consumption in these countries. This study develops a theoretical and an empirical model of world apple market to quantify the trade diversion and trade creation effects of the MERCOSUR free trade agreement and to estimate the welfare impacts.     

Strategies of biotechnology companies

To identfy the R&D and marketing strategies adopted by by biotechnology firms in the UK, a survey was conducted spanning a range of biotechnology firm size, product, organizational arrangemens. and prior experiences with advanced technology. This was done using a comprehensive questionnaire similar to that used in a comparable investigation in the USA. Twenty-three firms active principally engaged in speciality chemicals human diagnostics and agricultural products.The information from the questionnaires was used to analyse the company strategies under three man headings. These were technology acquisitation,marketing and R&D. Companies were charecterized into three clusters within each of these headings. The means of appropriation for different strategies were then examined although the significance of the results was undermined by the small size. Finally, the relationship between R&D and marketing strategies within the same firms was investigated.