英国和德国可再生能源产业激励政策和实施效果的比较

英国和德国都是国际上控制气候变化和开发可替代能源的积极倡导者,但目前,两国在可再生能源的开发和利用方面存在较大的差距:截至2012年,英国和德国可再生能源在最终能源消费中的占比分别为4.1%和12.6%;可再生能源的总装机容量分别为15538和76017MW。究其原因,主要是由两国不同的能源政策造成的,英国采取的是类似配额制的可再生能源义务令制度,而德国采用的是固定上网电价机制。事实证明,德国的入网电价体系优于英国的可再生能源义务令,因为它在一定时期内能为可再生能源发电商提供稳定的回报。英国尽管在可再生能源的开发和利用方面落后于德国,但英国自然条件优越,开发利用可再生能源的潜力巨大,加上政府的积极努力,英国可再生能源产业的发展有望得到较大改观。     

国际海洋可再生能源发展及其对我国的启示

保障能源安全、发展低碳经济、实现海洋兴国是21世纪中国经济发展的重要内容。我国海洋可再生能源产业发展方兴未艾。通过对英国、美国、德国海洋可再生能源产业发展的考察,吸取不同国家海洋可再生能源产业发展的宝贵经验,进而从启示和借鉴中引发对我国海洋可再生能源产业发展的思考。     

英国新能源和可再生能源计划

计划的背景 英国是欧洲国家中能源最丰富的国家,能源资源主要来自煤炭、石油和天然气,而水电资源比较缺乏。长期以来,英国所消耗电力的70％出自煤炭、石油和天然气,28％出自核电,而水电及其它可再生能源所占的比例仅约为     

促进可再生能源发展的国家行动和政策

在国家投融资体系中建立可再生能源专项资金,用于可再生能源的研究开发、技术推广、标准制定、投资补助、价格补贴和宣传教育等方面。对可再生能源电力发展,可以按照政府的差价分摊政策将可再生能源电力的高价格公平分摊给电力用户。     

太阳能有望成“东海明珠”

随着全球以石油为代表的传统化石能源储备减少、价格飙升，结合温室气体排放引发的气候环境问题，太阳能作为可再生能源和新能源的代表，近年来得到了国家和政府越来越多的关注。2006年我国开始实施了《可再生能源法》，随后又陆续出台的一系列支持可再生能源发展的实施细则，使国家在可再生能源领域方面的扶持政策日趋明朗化。根据《可再生能源中长期发展规划》，我国力争到2010年，     

英国开启可再生发电“合约模式”

2013年12月4日，英国公布可再生发电项目最新合约条款与执行电价，这标志着英国电力市场开始实行更广泛的改革。到2020年，英国可再生发电项目预期将获得约400亿英镑的新投资。另外，英国还有16个可再生发电项日于同一日进入了“可再生能源最终投资决策实施”阶段，将通过投资合约或持久差价合约形式实施。     

英国可再生能源政策

新世纪之初,英国政府把能源政策的取向确定为能源安全、能源多样化、能源效率和有竞争力价格的能源的可持续供应,并在此基础上提出了面向21世纪的“低碳经济”以及与之相关的新能源和可再生能源(简称可再生能源)发展战略,随后陆续出台的诸多相关法规和政策,搭建了发展可再生能源所必须的法律框架以及政策平台,为其腾飞奠定了坚实的基础。2002年初,英国政府内阁办公室绩效与创新小组发表了题为《能源回顾》的报告。其后,首席科学顾问领导的由12位英国知名专家组成的能源研究小组对英国能源研究开发和示范活动进行了全面回顾,提出了以增加政府…     

国外建立节能和可再生能源发展基金的经验

不少国家通过建立各种节能和可再生能源专项发展基金来支持节能和可再生能源发展。从实施效果来看，在建立基金的国家里，基金对这些国家的节能和可再生能源发展产生了不同程度的促进作用。本文通过对这些国家在基金建立、管理和运行过程中的经验总结，思考基金对我国促进节能和可再生能源发展的启示和借鉴意义。在本文中统称这些基金为节能和可再生能源发展基金，简称为基金。     

新能源发电应用前景分析及商业银行信贷策略

国家可再生能源发电在未来10年内将有大幅提高,本文从风电、光伏发电、核电及水电四个方面进行分析,并提出新能源发电项目商业信贷策略的建议.     

“高景气度，需求稳定”造就投资机会

一、风电有望成为主流能源 由于传统化石能源的不可再生性，且容易受到其他国家和利益集团的控制，对能源安全产生了一定程度的威胁，许多国家把眼光投向了可再生能源领域。在这一背景下，可再生能源产业得到了快速的发展。而风电产业，则是其中的佼佼者。     

Do German renewable energy resources affect prices and mitigate market power in the French electricity market ?

Several empirical studies show that renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, typically supplied at low marginal cost, can cause electricity market prices to fall. Recent theoretical research and simulations also highlight the link between the integration of renewable energy and market performance in an oligopolistic energy market. This article looks at these dynamics in the context of cross-border effects between two highly interconnected electricity markets, France and Germany. Using a rich panel dataset for hourly data from November 2009 to July 2015, I estimate the impact of German wind and solar power production on both prices and market power in the French wholesale market. The findings highlight the importance of coordinating energy policies via joint renewable energy support schemes among interconnected European electricity markets.     

香港引入核电及天然气发电的前因后果

香港无能源生产,所耗用之能源皆需进口;由于香港基本上为一个大都市,因而电力在能源经济中扮演举足轻重的角色,战后香港每年耗能的一半以上用于发电,近年电力的销售金额为各项能源之冠,１９９６年占总销售量的５７％,１９９４年香港开始引入广东大亚湾的核电,１９９６年由海南省的崖城天然气田输入天然气作发电之用,本文主要剖析引入电及天然气的前因后果。     

Factors affecting electricity generation in China: Current situation and prospects

China has attracted worldwide attention due to the global economic and environmental effects of its rapid economic growth over the last 20 years, with particular attention given to the country's accelerating energy consumption and resulting greenhouse gas emissions. China's electricity sector is particularly important for both of these issues as it accounts for nearly half of its greenhouse gas emissions and even greater proportions of the country's demands for primary fuel resources. In order to better understand how these issues may progress in an economy changing as fast as China's, this paper develops a framework that can be used to help model the electricity sector's future development. The framework builds upon key technological and socio-economic drivers, including those affecting electricity demand (e.g., economic growth, structure, energy efficiency, urbanization, and change in per capita income) and electricity supply (e.g., deregulation, initiatives to promote natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy, air pollution regulations, price developments for coal and natural gas, and changes in generation technology). The framework serves as a foundation for a scenario exercise on the greenhouse gas and fuel consumption impacts of different developmental paths for China's electricity sector. These scenarios and their implications for emissions and fuel consumption are presented in a subsequent article.     

佛得角圣文森特岛能源发展概况、问题与建议

佛得角能源矿产资源缺乏,电力生产主要依赖进口化石能源进行热力发电,尽管可再生能源较为丰富,但尚未充分开发利用。通过对佛得角能源和电力市场的全面考察,统筹考虑圣文森特岛现有电力装机规模、电力生产与消费形势、可再生能源发展潜力,提出圣文森特岛应调整优化能源结构,提高可再生能源在能源供给中的比例;升级改造配电网,推进智能电网建设;鼓励私营业主与企业参与电力设施投资,逐步建立适应 IPP电力投资的政策框架。     

Renewable energy drivers: a panel cointegration approach

The expected gains from RES deployment to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂) and the cut-off of external dependence of electricity sources could be important. However, it is crucial to understand the determinants of RES growth to help policymakers drawing effective energy polices, involving a commitment of both citizens and governments. In this paper, we use novel panel econometric tools (taking into account structural breaks and cross-section dependence) and find evidence of nonstationary issues and cointegration issues between renewable energy production and its drivers (CO₂ emissions, GDP per capita, energy use and dependency). The results thus reveal that non-stationary issues should be attended, otherwise they could be biased. Using suitable estimators (DOLS, FMOLS) with two different data sets and different proxies and taking common factors into account by MG estimates, we find that there is no environmental concerns effect explaining the growth of renewables in European countries. However, national revenues, energy consumption (demand effect) and energy dependency have a positive impact on renewables deployment. Considering these results, economic assistance (subsidies) might be a mean to increase further the renewables deployment in EU countries and education about renewables deployment is needed.     

Renewable Energy Policy Instruments and Market Power

Markets for green certificates allow generators with market power to squeeze the margins of their competitors, as a generator that is vertically integrated into network activities might do. We analyze this issue in a stylized electricity industry in which a dominant producer of both conventional and renewable energy is facing a competitive fringe of renewable‐energy producers. We demonstrate that whether or not a dominant firm is vertically integrated into network activities, it can disadvantage the fringe producers by distorting certificates prices, thereby inducing cost inefficiency in the generation of renewable energy. We compare green certificates to a system of feed‐in tariffs, where a similar margin squeeze is not possible.     

欧盟关于气候变化政策的新进展

本文分析了欧盟理事会2008年3月批准了欧盟气候与能源的一揽子行动计划的背景,提出：欧盟高度重视气候变化,除了因为气候变化已经日益影响人类的生活外,主要是基于自身能源、经济增长和就业的考虑。分析了欧盟实现减排的方式,更新的排放交易机制将是主要手段,还有发展可再生能源、提高能效、利用清洁发展机制,以及应用碳捕捉与储存技术等,指出：欧盟气候变化关键目标是“两个20％”,即：到2020年,温室气体排放至少减少20％,能源消费中可再生能源的份额占20％。     

Negative price spikes at power markets: the role of energy policy

In Germany, substantial drops in wholesale power prices have become a regular phenomenon. While such price drops have far-reaching implications for the functioning of the power market, their underlying determinants remain poorly understood. To fill this gap, we propose a Markov regime-switching model to investigate low-price events at the European Power Exchange. Our analysis focuses on the role of energy policies that promote renewable energies and have led to significant reductions of nuclear capacities after the Fukushima accident. We find that high electricity infeed from renewable sources increases negative price spike probabilities, while the decommissioning of nuclear plants under the Nuclear Moratorium had an opposing effect. Simulations of market outcomes under different energy policies indicate that reaching ambitious renewable energy targets increases the frequency of low-price events and compromises the financial viability of conventional generation units, while a nuclear phase-out or an increase in storage capacities mitigates these effects.     

Energy efficiency in transition economies

This article outlines and estimates a measure of underlying efficiency in electricity consumption for an unbalanced panel of 27 transition economies and 6 European OECD countries between 1994 and 2007. A Bayesian Generalized True Random Effects stochastic frontier model with persistent and transient inefficiency is considered by estimating an aggregate electricity demand function that leads to consumption efficiency scores, giving further insights than a simple analysis of energy intensity. There is evidence of convergence between the CIS countries and a block of Eastern European and OECD countries, although other country groups do not follow this tendency, such as the Balkans.