出口多样化与经济增长:理论及对中国的经验研究

本文在新古典主义生产函数的框架下,建立出口多样化促进经济增长的理论模型,分析了出口多样化产生的出口中学效应和干中学效应,利用中国的数据对该假说作进一步的计量检验。结果表明,中国出口的多样化程度先迅速提高后缓慢下降,加工贸易的发展促进我国出口垂直多样化程度的提高,而动态最小二乘法回归结果验证了我国出口多样化对经济增长的推动作用非常明显,并且垂直多样化的贡献度要更高于水平多样化。     

A Case Study on the Dual Effect of External Support and Implications on Small Business Growth,Entrepreneurial Creativity and Performance

ABSTRACT

Using a case study approach, this article investigates a Small Plastic Manufacturing Firm (SPMF) and Entrepreneur in Nigeria. The firm represents an example of a firm that has received external support. Very few firms are able to acquire adequate SME grants in Nigeria. Findings from the study revealed that most Small Plastic Manufacturing Entrepreneurs in Nigeria constrained by certain external and internal factors ironically, seem to be challenged to invent original strategies on their own, to cope, survive and to remain in business. Lack of financial capital, especially foreign exchange needed to import vital operating inputs from abroad has been the most serious constraint. Other serious external constraints identified are inadequate infrastructure facilities, competition from large firms, unfavorable government policies, dearth of machines and spare parts and paucity of raw materials. Internal obstacles like incompetent planning, poor organizational skills, and limited knowledge, among others, are common obstacles faced by most Nigerian entrepreneurs. It is also discovered that, in Nigeria, funding assis tance to entrepreneurs by relevant institutions concerned are not based on merit but rather biased on the basis of favoritism.     

Scientific Paradigms,Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Cycles in Economic Growth

In this paper I present a model of economic growth that combines insights from endogenous growth theory, the field of entrepreneurship research and the philosophy and economics of science. The model is built on three relatively standard assumptions and a Kuhnian approach to scientific knowledge accumulation. I assume that innovation generates economic growth, that opportunity driven entrepreneurship is an important source of innovation, that entrepreneurial opportunities increasingly arise out of scientific knowledge creation and that science follows Kuhnian paradigm shifting dynamics. The model then generates opportunity driven cycles in entrepreneurial activity that in turn cause waves of innovation and cycles in economic growth. This result is highly relevant and fills a gap in all three literatures as ‚traditional’ endogenous growth models typically generate constant growth rates in the steady state, entrepreneurship research keeps the origin of entrepreneurial opportunity exogenous and the literatures on the philosophy and economics of science ignore the important downstream economic implications of the non-profit driven institutional framework that governs scientific knowledge accumulation. This paper contributes by identifying scientific institutions and entrepreneurial activity as prerequisites for economic growth and it offers a tentative explanation for the rise and fall in the levels of scientific, entrepreneurial and economic activity over the Kondratieff-cycle.      

我国零售业经营方式多元化的现状和对策

本文认为,随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善,我国商业零售业格局发生了巨大变革,各种新型零售业态相继出现,形成了多种业态并存的格局。但在实现多元化发展的同时,仍然存在一些不容忽视的问题,如业态布局不合理,结构失调;组织化程度低,运作不规范,优势难以发挥;业态结构调整基本上是纯粹的模仿式;产业高度分散;经营方式缺乏竞争力等。文章指出,要促进我国零售业态多元化经营健康发展,必须加快实现零售业从单一业态向多业态发展;实现零售业态结构合理化;调整零售业地区布局,积极引导农村零售业发展;加强零售业态混合经营管理,将零售业态结构调整引向深入。     

企业经营战略选择的影响因素及模式

以内部专业化、外部专业化、内部相关多元化、外部相关多元化、内部非相关多元化和外部非相关多元化六种战略类型为例,探讨经营战略选择的影响因素及模式。结论是企业的战略目标、竞争环境、战略资产和合作机会影响经营战略的决策,并决定其决策模式。     

Ethics Through an Entrepreneurial Lens: Theory and Observation

Recent work in the fields of ethics and entrepreneurship has raised the possibility that entrepreneurs may differ from other individuals in the moral issues they face, in their moral judgements and behaviors concerning those issues, and even in their level of cognitive moral development. While this work has been exploratory and its conclusions tentative, the findings raise two interesting questions: do entrepreneurs actually differ from non-entrepreneurs in their ethical orientations and, if so, why? We propose a model of ethical decision making for small business entrepreneurs. We suggest some ways in which the ethical framework of entrepreneurs may differ systematically from that of other business people and propose some areas for future research.     

Choice of Diversification Strategies in an Emerging Market: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Industries

The study seeks to measure the strategic choice of industries over different dynamic phases in the Indian economic environment. The total sample of 536 companies has been divided into 14 industries as per Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. The paper also categorizes companies as per the cyclical changes in the economy, that is, growth, cyclical, and defensive industries. Evidence suggests that choice of diversification is industry specific and concurrently affected by the environmental conditions prevailing in the emerging economy. Food and beverages, plastic/rubber, and electrical equipment industries follow higher categories of diversification than other industries.     

高管团队内情感冲突、企业家精神与公司成长性绩效关系的实证研究

根据对企业高层管理者访谈和163份有效问卷,重点分析高管团队内情感冲突、高管团队企业家精神和公司成长性绩效间的关系。实证研究发现:高管团队内情感冲突和公司成长性绩效显著负相关,高管团队内情感冲突与高管团队企业家精神显著负相关,高管团队企业家精神与公司成长性绩效显著正相关。并且,高管团队企业家精神在高管团队情感冲突对公司成长性绩效的影响过程中起着中介作用。     

股权结构与企业集团多元化战略关系研究

基于委托代理理论,选取中国181家上市集团公司2006—2008年的数据为研究样本,对企业集团的股权结构与多元化程度的关系进行实证研究,研究结果表明:股权集中度与多元化程度存在显著负相关关系;国有股比例和集团公司多元化程度之间呈正相关关系;管理层持股比例和多元化程度间不存在显著相关关系。     

Women entrepreneurship in small service firms: motivations,barriers and performance

This article presents an exploratory study on the characteristics of women entrepreneurs and the businesses they run in the Valencia region. Following a close look at the evolution of literature on women entrepreneurs, the study shows how different internal and external factors affect the motivation, obstacles and performance of firms created by women. These results contribute towards a better understanding of business creation by women as they provide an empirical contrast of these variables (motivation, barriers and performance). Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of women entrepreneurs and the businesses they run in the Valencia Region of Spain, in order to contribute towards a better understanding of business creation by women, and the elements of motivation, barriers and success that influence and characterize the activities of women entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: A random sample of businesses with women founders, in the service sector located in the Valencia Region, were surveyed with a personalized questionnaire focusing on the factors of expansion, financing, marital and family status. Findings: The results of the exploratory research show that different internal and external factors affect the motivation, obstacles to success and performance of firms created by women. It is clear that type of financial support, demographic factors, age at which the new business venture is undertaken, use of family loans and the initial size of firm are all instrumental in subsequent business success. Research limitations/implications: The research was undertaken using a relatively small sample of firms in one region of Spain. The study needs to replicated in a range of different countries in order to further test the generality and generalizability of the substantive results. The implications centre on women entrepreneurs' motivations, business success and failure. Originality/value: This paper contributes to a better understanding of business creation by women and the factors which are instrumental in their success, together with a better understanding of the potential obstacles and barriers.     

中国企业集团对新兴产业机会敏感性、多元化与绩效关系的实证研究

文章将新兴产业发展为中国企业集团带来的"多元化刺激"与多元化程度和绩效联系起来进行讨论,利用706家上市公司合并报表数据,对三者的关系进行实证检验.多元回归分析结果表明:企业集团不相关多元化程度与新兴产业敏感性呈正相关,非国有企业集团对新兴产业的敏感性远远大干国有企业集团,新兴产业敏感性与财务绩效呈现显著的负相关关系,而且企业集团对新兴产业机会的敏感性,对其多元化程度和绩效的关系具有微弱的负向调节作用.     

Entrepreneurial Enterprises,Large Established Firms and Other Components of the Free-Market Growth Machine

The paper studies the principal influences accounting for the unprecedented growth and innovation performance of the free-market economies. It indicates that vigorous oligopolistic competition, particularly in high-tech industries, forces firms to keep innovating in order to survive. This leads them to internalize innovative activities rather than leaving them to independent inventors, and turns invention into an assembly-line process. The bulk of private R&D spending is shown to come from a tiny number of very large firms. Yet the revolutionary breakthroughs continue to come predominantly from small entrepreneurial enterprises, with large industry providing streams of incremental improvements that also add up to major contributions. Moreover, these firms voluntarily disseminate much of their innovative technology widely and rapidly, both as a major revenue source and in exchange for complementary technological property of other firms, including direct competitors. This helps to internalize the externalities of innovation and speeds elimination of obsolete technology. Some policy implications for industrialized and developing countries are also discussed.     

Large Firms and Business Groups in Latin America: Towards a Theory Based,Contextually Relevant Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Large firms play an essential role in national competitiveness and economic development. With a goal of establishing a research agenda that is both well grounded in relevant theory and that addresses important challenges facing the region, in this paper we examine the organization and operation of large, privately owned firms in Latin America. As has been the case since at least the end of the 19th century, studies have found that Latin American firms are organized into business groups and continue to be owned and managed by families. We probe into the strengths and weaknesses of the Latin American version of business organization, including how groups are financed, their efforts to partner and/or compete with industrialized country multinationals (MNCs), and their chances of success in a global economy. Relying on recent advances in agency and institutional theory, we then develop a number of research propositions and suggestions for future research.

RESUMEN. Grandes empresas juegan un papel esencial en el desarrollo económico y logro de la competitividad nacional. En este estudio examinamos la organización y operación de grandes empresas privadas latinoamericanas, con el propósito de establecer una agenda de investigación profundamente arraigada en importantes datos teóricos y enfocando, concomitantemente, los relevantes retos que enfrenta la región. Tal cual ocurre por lo menos desde fines del siglo XIX, los estudios realizados comprobaron que las empresas latinoamericanas están organizadas en grupos comerciales, y continúan siendo propiedad de y administradas por grupos familiares. Investigamos las fuerzas y debilidades de la versión latinoamericana de las organizaciones comerciales, y también analizamos cómo se financiaban estos grupos, los esfuerzos que realizaban para igualarse a o competir con las multinacionales de los países industrializados (MNCs), y qué posibilidad tenían de ser exitosas dentro del contexto de la economía global. Confiando en los recientes progresos alcanzados por la teoría institucional y de las agencias, desarrollamos varias hipótesis investigatorias, y sugerencias para futuros estudios.

RESUMO. Grandes empresas desempenham um papel essencial na competitividade nacional e no desenvolvimento econômico. Com o objetivo de estabelecer uma agenda de pesquisa que ao mesmo tempo seja alicerçada em bases teóricas relevantes e trate de importantes desafios enfrentados pela região, nós examinamos, neste artigo, a estrutura organizacional e a operação de grandes empresas privadas na América Latina. Como tem sido o caso desde pelo menos o fim do século 19, estudos têm revelado que empresas latino-americanas se estruturam em grupos de negócios e continuam pertencendo e sendo dirigidas por famílias. Nós nos concentramos em pesquisar os pontos fortes e fracos da versão latino-americana de organizaç[otilde]es de negócios, incluindo como os grupos são financiados, seus esforços em estabelecer parcerias e/ou competir com multinacionais de países industrializados (MNCs), e suas chances de sucesso em uma economia globalizada. Baseados nos recentes avanços da teoria organizacional, nós elaboramos, então, uma série de perguntas de pesquisa e sugest[otilde]es para pesquisas futuras.     

The Relationship of Ethical Decision-Making to Business Ethics and Performance in Taiwan

This paper examines the relationship of ethical decision-making by individuals to corporate business ethics and organizational performance of three groups: (i) SMEs (small and medium enterprises), (ii) Outstanding SMEs (the Key Stone Award winners) and (iii) Large Enterprises, in order to provide a reference for Taiwanese entrepreneurs to practice better business ethics. The survey method involved random sampling of 132 enterprises within three groups. Some 524 out of 1320 questionnaires were valid. The survey results demonstrated that ethical decision-making by individuals, corporate business ethics and organizational performance are highly related. In summary, then, high levels of organizational performance were directly attributable to high levels of applied corporate and individual ethics. Furthermore, there is a demonstrable tendency for Outstanding SMEs to reject ethically unsound practices such as padded expense accounts, tax evasion and misleading advertising. The measurement criteria used to assess organizational performance, however, did not include an objective evaluation of financial performance.     

Business Group Affiliation and Corporate Sustainability Strategies of Firms: An Investigation of Firms in India

In spite of an overwhelming importance of business groups (BG) in the economic development of many countries, systematic inquiry on how the BGs and their affiliated firms approach and contribute to shared value creation and sustainable development is rare. In this paper we address this research gap by investigating two related questions—do BG-affiliated firms differ from non-BG firms in their corporate sustainability strategy (CSS) and how does BG affiliation influence the relationship between stock of fungible resources and CSS of firms? Drawing from the BG literature we theorize that BG-affiliated firms tend to adopt of both environmental and social sustainability strategies more than non-BG firms. We also argue that although according to resource-based view, the stock of fungible resources of firms positively influences CSS, BG affiliation negatively moderates the relationship between stock of fungible resources and CSS of firms. Stock of fungible resources matters less for BG-affiliated firms in undertaking CSS as they have access to resources of the BG network. We test our theoretical predictions using a proprietary data set of 163 Indian publicly listed firms, out of which 76 are BG-affiliated firms belonging to 74 BGs. The data for corporate environmental and social sustainability strategies have been obtained by administering a survey instrument among the top level executives of the participating firms. We find support for our theoretical predictions that signify that BGs and their affiliates make important contributions to shared value creation and sustainable development in emerging economies like India.     

民营企业多元化战略、政治资源与公司绩效

文章结合转型经济时期特征考察民营企业应如何构建有利的政企环境以保证企业多元化战略成功实施.实证研究结果表明,转型经济制度背景的特殊性要求民营企业要实施积极的政治策略以减少制度不确定性对企业战略实施的负面影响;行业特征、政府干预程度差异是影响民营企业政治策略的重要因素;民营企业积极实施政治策略将有助于改善多元化战略实施环境,提高多元化经营业绩.研究结论对于转型经济时期民营企业的战略实施具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Comparing Attitudes Toward Ethical Dilemmas in Small Business

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative analysis of attitudes between Russian and U.S. undergraduate students on ethical issues in managing Russian small firms engaged in business transactions with U.S. firms. Based on the real life situations, Russian and American respondents were asked to select decision alternatives dealing with ethical dilemmas. Significant differences were found between the two groups. Russians do not recognize significant differences between various alternatives, despite the disparity in the severity of these alternatives for resolving business problems. Russians, compared to Americans, tend to prefer more forceful decision alternatives resorting to business practices that would be considered unethical in the U.S. This is attributable to differences in the countries' history, political, legal, and cultural environment. The transitional nature of the Russian economy affects decision-making and business ethics.     

The Lag Structure of the Impact of Business Ownership on Economic Performance in OECD Countries

This paper investigates the impact of changes in the number of business owners on three measures of economic performance, viz. employment growth, GDP growth and labor productivity growth. Particular attention is devoted to the lag structure. The analysis is performed at the country level for 21 OECD countries. Our results confirm earlier evidence on three stages in the impact of entry on economic performance: an initial direct positive effect, followed by a negative effect due to exiting capacities and finally a stage of positive supply-side effects. The net effect is positive for employment and GDP growth. Changes in the number of business owners have no effect on labor productivity.      

多元化程度、经理人变更与企业资产剥离——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

近年来,中国企业资产剥离行为日益增多,但在理论上却没有得到与并购同等的重视。以中国上市公司为对象,从企业战略角度研究多元化水平和经理人变更对企业资产剥离行为的影响。实证研究发现:多元化程度愈高的上市公司,愈有可能从事资产剥离;上年发生总经理或董事长变更的企业,愈有可能在下年进行剥离资产;资产剥离还与上年的每股收益、流动比率显著负相关,但与上年的资产负债率、总资产周转率、第一大股东持股比例及企业资产规模的关系不明显。