共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Mauricio Velásquez Ospina 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2017,17(4):779-788
This paper contributes to agrarian debates through a discussion of the interactions between the interests and incentives of the rural classes, focusing especially on the leadership exercised by middle‐size farmers. In the recent past, class analysis associated with Marxism has given way to models of individual rational maximization, not least because of the lack of specific findings about the effects of peasant differentiation beyond the dichotomous class conflict between peasants and landlords. Information has replaced asset distribution as the main factor affecting effective governance and service provision. According to these theories, politicians did not deliver less because they were responding to the preferences of the large landowning classes, or because seemingly competitive elections were games of rotating chairs within a single dominant class but, rather, because the voters did not have enough information about the candidates and programmes. I bring the discussion back to peasant differentiation and class endowments using the case of communal action boards in Colombia, showing how the demand for information on candidates and developmental resources matters, but is dependent on class structures. I suggest that different rural groups access, use, and manipulate information with differing aims, and that the rural middle class is a fundamental actor in the demand for public goods. 相似文献
2.
A. HAROON AKRAM-LODHI 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2005,5(1):73-116
Vietnam's agrarian transition is reviewed and, against the World Bank view that land markets in Vietnam have been pro-poor, it is suggested that access to land has become stratified within specific provinces, districts and communes. Aggregate data and field research both demonstrate that the technical coefficients of production differ between farms when grouped according to a proxy for wealth, and that this is correlated with productivity per unit of land. It is therefore argued that there are emerging differences between farms that reflect divergence in the scale of production. At the same time, when grouped according to wealth there are differences between farms in terms of crop mix, the degree of market integration, and the extent of rural diversification. Holistic examination of the evidence suggests that Vietnam has an emergent group of rich peasants with relatively larger landholdings, amounts of capital stock, and use of hired labour-power; and higher yields per unit of land, a greater degree of market integration, and more marked productive diversification. This class can be set beside a numerically preponderant class of relatively small peasants, with smaller landholdings and amounts of capital, a heavier reliance on family labour, lower yields per unit of land, and less market integration and diversification. The evidence further demonstrates the rapid growth of a class of rural landless who are largely separated from the means of production, who survive by intermittently selling their labour, and who are the poorest segment of rural society. 相似文献
3.
Sbastien Rioux 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2019,19(1):64-81
This paper argues that food adulteration is constitutive of capitalist food production. Through an analysis of the plasticity of legal reasoning on food regulations during the second half of the 19th century in Britain, the paper demonstrates the key role of the state in enforcing the distinction between legal and illegal forms of food adulteration, which is essential to understand contemporary dynamics in food production. 相似文献
4.
Gerardo Otero; 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2024,24(1):e12564
The energy-dense part of the neoliberal diet and obesity made for an explosive combination upon the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy-dense foods lie at the root of comorbidities associated with complications of the COVID-19 pandemic: overweight, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and so forth. Multiple medical studies have demonstrated the causal impact of overweight and obesity on more severe or lethal infections. Focusing on the case of Mexico, I will show that inequality strongly conditions what people can eat, so the issue is not simply a matter of personal choice or responsibility. My argument is twofold: (1) Mexico enjoyed its own ‘traditional’ diets through the mid-1980s, which included widely accessible fruits and vegetables. But (2) the neoliberal turn in the form of trade liberalization and deepening inequality caused a substantial reshaping of the diet in favour of energy-dense foods with lower nutritional value. The energy-dense segment of ‘the neoliberal diet’ has turned a large portion of Mexicans into a vulnerable population. But this is a class-differentiated diet with its healthy and nutritious components increasingly less accessible to the working classes. Recovering healthy diets in Mexico will require the recuperation of food sovereignty through the regeneration of its countryside and its peasantry. Agroecological methods of food production will also be needed to alleviate the climate change emergency. 相似文献
5.
Noaman G. Ali 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2020,20(2):270-288
State formation in post‐colonial societies is often explained with reference to the roles of elites. In Pakistan, landed elites continue to dominate the rural political economy through informal and formal institutions, but the history of its largest peasant movement shows how agrarian class struggle can change the institutional forms and functions of power. The Hashtnagar peasant movement achieved lasting de facto land and tenancy reforms in north‐western Pakistan in the 1970s through forcible land occupations that were regularized by state intervention. I argue that although divisions among elites were important, the state intervened in favour of peasants due to the rising organizational power of tenants and landless labourers under the centralized leadership of the radical Mazdoor Kisan Party. Agrarian class struggle weakened the informal power of landed elites and gave rise to institutions of peasant power. However, other fractions of the ruling class sought to undermine their landed opponents while co‐opting the militancy of the peasant movement by strengthening state institutions to intervene in favour of upwardly mobile tenants. The latter were separated from poorer peasants and the landless, thus demobilizing the movement. 相似文献
6.
Laura da Graca 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2003,3(3):333-366
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the problem of feudal dynamics on the basis of an empirical study. The existence of processes of social differentiation and the chances of such processes developing further are comparatively analysed in the context of three different types of Castilian lordship that implied distinctive political configurations. The operative nucleus of W. G. Runciman's theory is applied to the empirical evidence, in that the concept of 'mode of the distribution of power' permits us to deal with political power as a structural element, while the notions of 'systact' and of inter-societal 'competitive selection of practices' permit us to carry out a systematic comparative analysis and to establish a link between structure and dynamics. Through the analysis of social practice, it is shown that accumulative tendencies can be found in a pre-capitalist context, although they were contingent and variable according to the way in which political power was exercised. 相似文献
7.
目的 基于可持续生计分析(SLA)框架,对生计资本影响山区农户分化进行深入研究,为职业分化背景下促进农户多渠道创收以及实现山区乡村振兴提供参考。方法 文章运用比较分析法、多值选择模型,以广西山区的540家农户为研究对象,探讨农户职业分化的影响因素。结果 研究结果表明,社会资本有助于纯农户与非农农户向以农为主的兼业农户分化;自然资本丰裕更能吸引农户向纯农户或以农为主的兼业分化;增加金融资本有助于兼业农户专注于农业生产,也促使非农经营主体投身于农业经营;物质资本影响农户向纯农户或以非农为主的兼业农户转变;拥有自身务工经历的农民更易于选择以农为主的兼业形态,对农民进行农业技术培训因提升其农业生产经营能力从而有助于他们投身于农业生产;生计资本影响农户分化的程度因距离中心市场的远近而存在差异。结论 生计资本影响农户向不同类型的职业进行分化,应从鼓励农户兼业化实现收入多元化以及鼓励乡村精英返乡创业的视角,适应不同类型农户分化需要,为调整农户生计资本,维持生计可持续性提供必要的决策支持和政策保障。 相似文献
8.
[目的]明确失地农民生计方式选择对生计资本变化的响应,对于制定有效的扶持政策、实现精准扶贫、消除返贫隐患非常重要。[方法]基于参与式的农村评估法(PRA)获取的调查问卷,分析了当前甘肃省兰州市安宁区失地农民的主要生计方式以及影响其非农就业的主要因子,并进一步运用多项Logistic模型探讨失地农民职业分化对上述因子的响应。[结果](1)个体特征和人力资本差异不仅影响兰州安宁区失地农民就业水平,也显著影响职业分化。职业层次越高,失地农民转移就业概率对性别差异、教育程度、年龄及职业资格水平越敏感;(2)征地补偿转化形成的财产性收入及转移性收入对转移就业后各层次职业的就业水平都具有显著负向影响;(3)地理空间异质性对中低层次就业影响更显著。[结论]生计资本数量不仅影响失地农民生计方式能否向非农产业转移,同时影响其对较高层次职业的获取,进而影响其生计转型后的稳定性以及可持续性。 相似文献
9.
Jordi Gascón 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2015,15(4):499-518
Pro‐poor tourism (PPT) is a development methodology that aims to use tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. PPT has been adopted by multilateral institutions, official development agencies and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). PPT assumes an absolute definition of poverty that is based on net income. This definition allows the consideration of a tourism initiative as ‘pro‐poor’ even though the income earned by the poor population may be marginal. This paper analyses whether PPT's concept of poverty adequately addresses the issues in rural poverty. We analyse one case of unequal distribution of income generated from tourism in the 1990s (Amantaní Island, Perú). The paper concludes that PPT's concept of poverty circumvents the fact that an unequal distribution of income could imply a loss in the quality of life for the majority of a rural population: the high‐income social sector tends to increase its economic and political power to the detriment of other social sectors. 相似文献
10.
SUDIPTA BHATTACHARYYA 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2007,7(3):348-381
Based on a primary field survey and secondary sources of information, this study analyzes the West Bengal experience of participatory rural transformation in relation to the changing class structure in a differentiated rural economy, the rise in class-consciousness among the rural poor and the participation of different classes in the political process of decision-making. Utsa Patnaik's (1987 ) labour exploitation criterion is used in order to rank rural households in class terms, alongside the standard acreage groupings. This study strongly refutes the neo-liberal (World Bank) idea of social capital and civil society as sources of 'people's participation'. It is argued that 'people's participation' is a meaningless concept, since the 'people' as a category includes different classes with conflicting interests. Though subordinate classes in West Bengal have achieved a higher level of class consciousness than in the past, and have resisted extra economic coercion, and while their political participation has risen, their involvement at the grass roots level of administrative decision-making is very weak. Panchayat Raj has so far failed to initiate a second phase of institutional reform in West Bengal, encompassing education, gender justice and above all the co-operative movement. This partial failure is the outcome of short-term electoral benefit being given priority over and so undermining class struggle. 相似文献
11.
[目的]探寻\"实现小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接\"的路径,破解农业现代化过程中适度规模经营与地权固化、土地\"碎片化\"之间的困境。[方法]基于问卷调查与半结构式访谈,运用个案研究方法分析山东省东平县H村土地改革实践、效果、经验并提炼理论启示。[结果](1)由于就业能力等差异,导致农户群体产生分化,进而形成了\"中青年务工经商,老年人留村务农\"的\"以代际分工为基础的半工半耕\"社会功能结构和\"男主外,女主内\"的\"以家庭内部劳动分工为基础的农户兼业化\"社会成员地位结构;(2)对于部分就业能力较弱等农户而言,为了降低城镇生活成本,会将农业生产的产品输入到城镇,形成了\"农村供养城镇\"的城乡关系模式;(3)乡村社会结构变迁、新型农业经营主体发展以及经济作物种植为土地流转提供了潜在可能,但社会结构变迁与农业生产机械化水平交互作用对土地流转有抑制性。[结论]以\"确权确股不确地\"为特征的\"虚拟土地\"制度有助于维护农户土地流转意愿、推进农业适度规模化、增进农户土地收益、强大农村集体经济,是促进城乡生产要素流动的重要土地流转制度创新。 相似文献
12.
IAN SCOONES NELSON MARONGWE BLASIO MAVEDZENGE FELIX MURIMBARIMBA JACOB MAHENEHENE CHRISPEN SUKUME 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2012,12(4):503-527
This paper explores the consequences of Zimbabwe's land reform for the dynamics of differentiation in Zimbabwe's countryside, reporting on the results from a 10‐year study from Masvingo province. Based on a detailed analysis of livelihoods across 400 households at 16 sites, the paper offers a detailed typology of livelihood strategies, linked to a class‐based analysis of emerging agrarian dynamics. The paper identifies a significant and successful ‘middle farmer’ group, reliant on ‘accumulation from below’ through petty commodity production, existing alongside other worker‐peasants and the semi‐peasantry, whose livelihoods remain vulnerable, with prospects for accumulation currently limited. In addition, there are others who are ‘accumulating from above’, through patronage and corruption. While small in number, this group has significant political and economic influence, and is embedded in powerful alliances that have fundamental impacts on the wider political–economic dynamics. To conclude, the economic, social and political implications of the emerging patterns of differentiation in Zimbabwe's countryside are discussed. 相似文献
13.
TERENCE J. BYRES 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2006,6(1):1-16
This essay is written in memory of Rodney Hilton (1916–2002), who died on 7 June 2002. He was one of the towering historians of medieval England. Along with the Russian scholar, E. A. Kosminsky, of a previous generation of historians, he provided a formidable Marxist treatment of English feudalism, at once empirically rich, through extensive archival research, and theoretically informed. His work, while displaying a particular vision of the nature of feudal society, and embracing certain recurring themes, is broad in its scope and varied in the issues it covers. The essay is offered as a tribute to the particular tradition of Marxist historical scholarship represented by him, and which he did so much to foster. A brief account of his career and writing is given. There is, in the present issue, a companion essay in which his views on peasant differentiation and the transition to capitalism in England are considered at length. 相似文献
14.
TERENCE J. BYRES 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2006,6(1):17-68
The focus of the essay is one specific theme pursued by Rodney Hilton: that of differentiation of the English feudal peasantry and the implications this had for the development of capitalism in England. His contribution on this, along with those of E. A. Kosminsky and of Maurice Dobb, are considered and are contrasted with the view of Robert Brenner. For Brenner peasant differentiation has no causal importance: it is an outcome of transformation and not a driving force in its securing. For Hilton, it is central to transformation: it is not an outcome but a determining variable, a causa causans rather than a causa causata. The Brenner position, it is argued, is incomplete in its ignoring of peasant differentiation in feudal England. It was one of Hilton's accomplishments to explore this in scholarly detail, and with analytical precision. It is suggested that if this is abstracted from an adequate examination of the transition to capitalism in England cannot proceed. 相似文献
15.
[目的]福建省具有丰富的农业多样性特征和特色“农情”,为了寻找发展因素的关联和耦合、延长产业链、提高附加值,稳步推进福建省区域特色现代农业发展。[方法]文章从地理学和经济学视角,构建了BPDS概念模型和评价指标体系,对福建省及9地市的现代农业发展水平进行评价,在此基础上运用系统聚类分析方法从指标因素和空间布局等方面解析福建现代农业发展的分异和聚类情况,为制定农业可持续发展措施提供决策参考。[结果](1)从发展指数看,福建省现代农业发展水平在起步阶段和入初步发展阶段临界点上。9地市水平指数在0.487~0.561,其中6个地市处于初步发展阶段,3个地市还处于起步阶段。4个准则要素指标方面存在较大的指数分异,其中投入水平要素与其他3个要素水平差距较大;(2)从区域空间看,主要呈南北高中间低的空间特征,龙岩、泉州和莆田3个地区最低。不同空间区域环境使不同地区各有优势,在分指标间存在较大分异;(3)从水平类型看,福建省现代农业发展水平按聚类情况可分实力高值区、过渡中值区和潜力低值区为3个类型。依据区位与资源特点,在实力高值区以生产加创汇的特征性农业,过渡中值区以发展服务型农业为主,潜力低值区以生态农业生产为主。[结论]经济水平和人才等实力因素和资源禀赋等潜力因素在现代农业发展中具有重要的作用,是产生地区分异的重要因素。同时,生产条件优势和服务体系优势在现代农业的集群形成等具有潜在优势。 相似文献
16.
This essay introduces a special issue of the Journal of Agrarian Change on transnational agrarian movements (TAMs). The contributors' methods and subjects vary widely in geographical, temporal and political scope. The contributors to this collection share an understanding of TAMs' complexity that grows out of an appreciation of the complicated historical origins and the delicate political balancing acts that necessarily characterize any effort to construct cross-border alliances linking highly heterogeneous organizations, social classes, ethnicities, political viewpoints and regions. This introductory essay outlines the TAMs' deep historical roots and also explains why and how the authors in this collection see this complexity as an essential element in understanding TAMs. This complexity can be understood by looking at seven common themes: (i) representation and agendas, (ii) political strategies and forms of actions, (iii) impact, (iv) TAMs as arenas of action between different (sub)national movements, (v) class origins, (vi) ideological and political differences and (vii) the dynamics of alliance-building. By acknowledging TAMs' contradictions, ambiguities and internal tensions, the authors also seek, from the standpoint of engaged intellectuals, to advance a transformative political project by better comprehending its origins, past successes and failures, and current and future challenges. 相似文献
17.
Brittany Bunce 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2023,23(2):404-432
This paper presents a class-analytic approach, which combines a “labour exploitation criterion” with class typologies developed for the South African context and the author's additions. The labour exploitation criterion distinguishes between rural classes based on the degree to which one employs others, works for others, or works for oneself. I combine the principal indicator of “labour exploitation” with the income contributions of social grants, ownership of farming assets and livestock, and the contribution of agricultural production to simple or expanded reproduction. Debates around class formation are explored in the context of a comparative analysis of two joint venture (JV) dairy farms, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, which involve residents as both landowners and workers. A class-analytic approach illuminates the emerging agrarian class structure that a JV-type intervention both reflects and in turn conditions, in dialectical fashion, with important implications for debates around agrarian change in South Africa. 相似文献
18.
王江 《中国农业资源与区划》2024,45(10):198-211
目的 通过对甘肃省环县农业(羊)产业集群发展模式的研究,旨在探索我国北方地区农牧交错带乡村产业振兴发展路径,为我国欠发达地区乡村振兴提供经验借鉴。方法 文章采用案例研究方法,选取位于我国农牧交错带腹地的甘肃环县为案例研究对象,对该地区现代农业(羊)产业集群的历史演进、竞争优势来源,以及集群的产业结构进行分析和讨论。结果 (1)中国北方农牧交错带现代农业(羊)产业集群产生和形成受历史传统、文化基础、自然条件、生产方式、竞争程度,以及政策环境等诸多因素影响,其竞争优势有赖于:建立政策和监管体系;促进集群企业和相关机构发展;挖掘本土优势资源条件,开发生产、加工、存储、营销等价值链和供应链技术;满足客户挑剔需求;促进金融财政支持和投资;集群参与者之间的密切联系,以及科技创新和科技成果的应用等。(2)现代农业(羊)产业集群是一个涉及从羊育种、扩繁育肥、加工生产、服务提供,以及相关配套机构和活动的综合体,其产业结构由主导产业、相关配套产业和基础产业等组成。(3)现代农业(羊)产业集群呈现由传统的农业生产向高技术加工业和提供高附加值产品的农业产业集群发展的趋势,高价值农业产业集群的一个主要制约因素是农户缺乏适当知识,因此,动员集体行动开展培训来促进创新活动是集群成功的关键因素。结论 中国农牧交错带由于其特殊的地理和自然资源禀赋条件,发展现代农业(羊)产业集群是可行的途径。现代农业(羊)产业集群提高了地区的生产力和竞争力,吸引了外部投资并加强了产业一体化发展,促进了乡村振兴战略的实现。 相似文献
19.
Shami Ghosh 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2016,16(2):255-290
Based on a synthesis of the empirical scholarship on England and Germany, this paper demonstrates that in both regions, rural socio‐economic developments from c.1200 to c.1800 are similar: this period witnesses the rise to numerical predominance and growing economic significance of the ‘sub‐peasant classes’, which had a growing impact on the market as a result of their increasing market dependence, and from which – towards the end of the period – a rural proletariat emerged. Against the influential theory of Robert Brenner, it is argued that the period c.1200–c.1400 cannot really be categorized as ‘feudal’ according to Brenner's definition; and ‘agrarian capitalism’ does not adequately describe the socio‐economic system that obtained by the end of the sixteenth century. A genuine transition to capitalism is only evident from after c.1750, and can be found in Germany as well as in England; it is predicated both on ideological shifts and on the evolution of the rural proletariat, which is only found in large numbers by or after c.1800. 相似文献
20.
Malin Olofsson 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2020,20(1):37-59
South African agrarian policy aims to integrate smallholder tree‐crop farmers into high‐end value chains with growth and employment potential, generally neglecting socio‐economic differentiation amongst them. This paper aims to analyse socio‐economic differentiation amongst tree‐crop farmers in Vhembe District, Limpopo, using a class‐based analysis based on livelihood diversification and accumulation. Cluster analysis of survey data and semi‐structured interviews reveals that most tree‐crop farmers engage in petty commodity production, internally differentiated by their combination of income sources and livelihood strategies. Farmers' ability to engage in accumulation and upward class mobility is generally severely constrained by limited access to capital. Agricultural diversification offers livelihood potential but limited possibility for accumulation, whereas salaried nonfarm work offers more promising prospects for accumulation but limited livelihood opportunities. A minority demonstrated characteristics of small‐scale capitalist farmers, internally differentiated by their reliance on salaried employment or agricultural production. The findings challenge the notion of an undifferentiated class of market‐oriented smallholders. 相似文献