ECFA时代台湾茶文化产业的发展

台湾茶文化产业发展的历史悠久,本文在简介其现状和特点的基础上指出其发展的瓶颈.最后对ECFA签订后台湾茶文化产业的发展机遇进行分析. 一、台湾茶文化产业发展的历史和现状 台湾茶源自中国,台湾茶文化承袭了中华传统文化.台湾茶文化中还是保留中国古代文人的习惯功夫茶这种茶艺形式占有非常重要的地位.台湾茶叶生产的创始者.都是从福建移居台湾的先民.     

中小型民营企业技术创新的条件分析及其战略选择

提高我国中小型民营企业的技术创新能力,对于提升我国民营企业整体素质,推动社会经济快速发展具有十分重要的现实意义.本文根据我国中小型民营企业技术创新能力不足的现状,在分析中小型民营企业技术创新优劣势的基础上,提出了符合我国中小型民营企业实际的技术创新战略.     

中小企业技术创新政策工具功能探讨

中小企业在技术创新与经济增长中有着不可替代的作用,中小企业有其内在的技术创新动力,能够承担和分散技术创新的不确定性和风险,成为培育企业家的摇篮和基地.建立和完善中小企业技术创新政策,利用中小企业技术创新政策工具促进中小企业发展,具有非常重要的意义.因而,必须重新认识中小企业的地位和作用,建立健全政府中小企业管理机构,构建系统的中小企业技术创新激励政策体系,充分发挥中小企业技术创新政策工具的作用,促进我国中小企业快速健康发展.     

产业集群中中小企业技术创新模式研究

产业集群的蓬勃发展带动了我国区域经济迅速发展,但当前我国产业集群中中小企业技术创新不足的问题日益显现,阻碍了产业集群的进一步发展,而要强化产业集群中中小企业技术创新,关键的一步是指导其寻找到一条合适的技术创新模式.较之离散分布的中小企业,产业集群中的中小企业因为集聚效应在技术创新的途径上具有更多的选择,通过对集群中中小企业技术创新的五种可能途径进行较为详细的评述,以期对集群中中小企业技术创新模式的选择起到参考作用.     

设计美学的力量

随着社会经济的不断发展,利润空间不断被压缩,企业的生存发展问题凸显.越来越多的企业意识到技术创新的重要性.但是由于缺乏技术创新资金的投入,单纯的技术创新研发力量的薄弱,使得中小企业在激烈的市场竞争中难以形成自身的竞争优势.     

我国大企业技术创新研究

根据各国的经验和产业组织的分析,本文提出了大企业是一国技术创新主要力量的观点.我国在未来经济发展进程中,如何推进自主创新和我国大企业发展,具有了同一个核心.自主创新必须依赖于大企业发展,大企业发展必须来源于自主创新.因此,文中重点分析了我国大企业技术创新的特点及存在的问题,并认为动力不足是大企业技术创新的最大障碍,进而指出建立真正意义上的市场经济是推动大企业技术创新的关键.     

技术创新企业唱主角

科技的发展离不开技术创新,而技术创新是中小企业生存和发展的根本动力和重要源泉,是决定企业生存的关键因素.企业在技术创新中必须发挥主体地位,因此应充分重视企业在科技创新中的作用,引导企业加大科研投入力度,并给予企业多方面的支持.     

企业治理结构与技术创新

经济社会的快速发展,为企业带来了一定的发展机遇与挑战,需要企业在实际生产活动开展的过程中,优化自身的治理结构,加强技术创新,全面提升自身整体的竞争水平.实现这样的发展目标,应结合可靠的技术创新理论及治理结构理论的相关内容,增强相关措施的适用性.基于此,本文将对企业治理结构与技术创新进行必要地探讨.     

欠发达地区激励企业技术创新的政策工具分析

技术创新作为企业生存和发展的原动力,是企业竞争力的源泉,对于推动企业和产业的发展以及一国的经济增长都具有十分重要的意义.就欠发达地区目前的状况而言,企业虽然对技术创新越来越重视,但技术创新的水平不高、能力不强,技术创新机制在相当大一部分企业中尚未形成,大多数企业的产品国际竞争力还较低.     

如何看待技术创新与战略规划

一、技术创新和战略规划的关系可以归纳为三点 1.技术创新不是企业内部的孤立行为,是企业的整体行为. 2.技术创新必须与企业发展战略相一致. 3.技术创新战略是企业发展战略的组成部分. 二、技术创新战略的选择 一般而言,技术创新可分为两种战略:领先战略和跟随战略.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Information flows and adaptation in Tanzanian cottage industries

The aim of this research is to identify channels of information flows and their impact on business adaptation and survival. The analysis is set within a theoretical framework of information market failure and information flows. The paper draws on empirical data from a survey comprising approximately 400 small-scale entrepreneurs in dressmaking and woodworking industries at different levels of centrality in four regions in Tanzania. The data reveal that half of the businesses are growing and one-third have increased profitability by significant adaptations last year. Most changes occur in products and design. Customers and the media represent the most important sources of business information, followed by family members and business partners. Independent variables that significantly influence adaptability include customer relations, education, media exposure, social networks, and mobility. Associations are strongly modified by the entrepreneurs’ age and gender and by businesses’ size and location. The paper concludes that cottage industries in Tanzania have a remarkable ability to survive. Garment and woodwork markets are still predominantly local and competition from external businesses is limited. Access to business information and new ideas should be improved, however, to counteract growing competition from the modern sector.     

From Socialist Subject to Capitalist Object: Industry Enclave Life Past and Present in Wuhan

There is no better place to explore the relationship of industry enclaves to urban life than China, where traditional danweis (work units) have coexisted with new foreign direct investment enclaves. Here we draw on original interviews with workers at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company (WISCO) and Foxconn in the city of Wuhan to examine industry enclaves old and new in terms of their spatial arrangement, work, institutions, and social life and identity. The article is one of the first to integrate urban and economic geographical perspectives on the subject of enclaves. It provides evidence of similarities and contrasts in the spatial arrangement of work, institutions, life and identity centred on industry enclaves old and new. These contrasts reflect wider relations between the state and the market and between social subject and commodified labour in China. In conclusion, we identify several research directions concerning the scale, diversity and reach of urban enclavism in China and beyond.     

公路工程施工组织设计探析

近些年,国家对基础性建设的投入越来越大,我们的公路建设也日益增多。公路工程是一项综合性、系统性较强的工程,是集路基、路面、路线、桥涵、隧道等于一体的综合体系。随着经济社会的发展和施工工艺的不断进步,人们对公路工程的要求也更加严格。为了保证公路建设的正常施工,就需要工程设计按时按量完成。而如何处理好质量与工期的矛盾则是公路设计者面临的难题。本文对公路工程设计的重要性,步骤等进行一个分析研究。     

Analysis of high dimensional multivariate stochastic volatility models

This paper is concerned with the Bayesian estimation and comparison of flexible, high dimensional multivariate time series models with time varying correlations. The model proposed and considered here combines features of the classical factor model with that of the heavy tailed univariate stochastic volatility model. A unified analysis of the model, and its special cases, is developed that encompasses estimation, filtering and model choice. The centerpieces of the estimation algorithm (which relies on MCMC methods) are: (1) a reduced blocking scheme for sampling the free elements of the loading matrix and the factors and (2) a special method for sampling the parameters of the univariate SV process. The resulting algorithm is scalable in terms of series and factors and simulation-efficient. Methods for estimating the log-likelihood function and the filtered values of the time-varying volatilities and correlations are also provided. The performance and effectiveness of the inferential methods are extensively tested using simulated data where models up to 50 dimensions and 688 parameters are fit and studied. The performance of our model, in relation to various multivariate GARCH models, is also evaluated using a real data set of weekly returns on a set of 10 international stock indices. We consider the performance along two dimensions: the ability to correctly estimate the conditional covariance matrix of future returns and the unconditional and conditional coverage of the 5% and 1% value-at-risk (VaR) measures of four pre-defined portfolios.     

Urban Waterscapes: The Hydro‐Politics of Flooding in a Sinking City

The threat of flooding in cities is often compounded by political and economic decisions made on watershed management, land development and water infrastructure and provisioning. It has also become a point of conflict between cities’ objectives for development and modernization, and the struggles of marginalized residents living in low‐lying coastal and riverine areas to remain in place. Flooding takes on different forms depending on one's point of view. It is a biophysical issue, involving geology, geography, meteorology and ecology. It is one of urban governance, involving planning and maintenance of infrastructure and land use. And it is sociopolitical, involving historical social and spatial marginalization and contestation. This article, based on mixed‐methods research in Jakarta, Indonesia, traces the conceptual and physical contours of urban waterscapes across these conflicting ideas and narratives. It brings into dialogue theories of urban political ecology, landscape ecology and environmental ethnography to explore the interrelationships between biophysical and sociopolitical factors behind urban flooding. In the article the focus is on the varying materialities and scales involved, including the ecological scales of the watershed, the infrastructural scales associated with flood protection, and the urban scales of planning, governance and social activism. The article concludes with a proposition for a multidimensional approach to thinking and acting on problems of urban ecological change.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

The Theory of Socially Embedded Games: The Mathematics of Social Relationships,Rule Complexes,and Action Modalities

In their classic work, Von Neumann and Morgensterndefined a game as simply the totality of the rules which describe it. Theydid not, however, elaborate a theory of rules. Such considerations lead toconceptualizing rules and rule configurations as mathematical objects, specifyingthe principles for combining rules, developing the theory of revising,replacing, and, in general transforming rules and rule complexes. Themathematics is based on contemporary developments at the interface ofmathematics, logic, and computer science. This article, drawing on themathematical theory of rules and rule complexes, extends and generalizes gametheory (GGT). The theory of rule complexes is used to conceptualize andanalyze diverse social relationships, roles, and games as particulartypes of rule complexes. A social role, for instance, is the major basisof an individual's action in a game. It consists of at least four majorcomponents – which are mathematical objects – in the determinationof action: value complex, model of reality (including beliefs and knowledgebases), a repertoire of acts, routines, programs, and strategies, and modalities,role-specific algorithms for determininig or generating action in gamesettings. The article focuses on three types of action modality routineor habitual, normative, andinstrumental modalities. The theory: (1) provides a cultural/institutionalbasis for a theory of gameswhere games, social relationships, and rolesare formalized in terms of rule complexes; (2) explains human action as a formof rule application or rule-following action, which underlies allmodalities of action; (3) formulates the theory that actors construct an action or make choices amongalternative actions by making comparisons and judging similarity (ordissimilarity) between an option or options considered and their norms and values,and, in general, determine whether or not, and to what degree, a value,norm, or goal will be realized or satisfied; (4)reconceptualizes ``game' as a social form and makes a distinction between open and closed games.     

Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions

The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework to position sustainable entrepreneurship in relation to sustainability innovation. The framework builds on a typology of sustainable entrepreneurship, develops it by including social and institutional entrepreneurship, i.e. the application of the entrepreneurial approach towards meeting societal goals and towards changing market contexts, and relates it to sustainability innovation. The framework provides a reference for managers to introduce sustainability innovation and to pursue sustainable entrepreneurship. Methodologically, the paper develops an approach of qualitative measurement of sustainable entrepreneurship and how to assess the position of a company in a classification matrix. The degree of environmental or social responsibility orientation in the company is assessed on the basis of environmental and social goals and policies, the organization of environmental and social management in the company and the communication of environmental and social issues. The market impact of the company is measured on the basis of market share, sales growth and reactions of competitors. The paper finds conditions under which sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation emerge spontaneously. The research has implications for theory and practitioners in that it clarifies which firms are most likely under specific conditions to make moves towards sustainability innovation. The paper makes a contribution in showing that extant research needs to be expanded with regard to motivations for innovation and that earlier models of sustainable entrepreneurship need to be refined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.