土地登记公信力从何而来——澳大利亚昆士兰州培训报告

2007年7月～8月,国土资源部代表团参加了由澳大利亚昆士兰州自然资源和水利部举办的第六期土地登记培训班。昆士兰州实行的托伦斯土地登记制度被认为是国际上最有效率的土地登记制度,目前已被澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大等50多个国家采用。虽然我国与澳大利亚的政治制度、土地产权管理模式不同,但是托伦斯土地登记制度在提高政府社会公信力、加快地籍工作产业化、提高土地管理工作效率和管理水平等方面的优点,是值得我们借鉴的,尤其对目前我们正在开展的第二次全国土地调查有很大启示。     

基于AHP构建中国不动产登记制度的分析

研究目的：构建不动产登记制度可选方案的体系,并评选出适合中国的不动产登记制度与配套方案。研究方法：运用层级分析法（AHP）,借鉴各国或地区的制度经验,构建中国不动产登记制度可选方案的体系,再针对土地、法律专家以及政府土地部门领导专家进行专家问卷调查,求取专家意见的一致性。研究结果：中国应采取土地管理部门统一不动产登记、土地及房屋均采取强制登记、以产权文件作为确保登记无误的关键审核文件、登记机关设立基金赔偿或投保赔偿以及设立土地登记代理人5个方案。研究结论：中国适合采用强制登记、实质审查以及错误赔偿的权利登记制,以及发放权利书状的托伦斯登记制,成为混合登记制;实施时应依序进行土地确权、土地与房屋管理部门整并、建立登记机关赔偿机制以及建立土地登记代理人制度。     

不动产登记制度评论

研究目的:探索世界各国不动产登记制度范式,探讨适合中国大陆国情的不动产物权登记制度。研究方法:文献资料分析法,归纳总结法。研究结果:中国大陆民法学界的共识,不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭,应当依照法律规定申请登记,并以登记发生效力。研究结论:中国大陆不动产物权登记属权利登记制,同时也汲取了托伦斯登记制的优点;不动产登记具有决定因法律行为发生物权变动能否生效的效力、权利正确性推定的效力、善意保护的效力、风险警示的效力。     

切实推进中国不动产统一登记的新思路--解决分散登记问题的过渡期方案

研究目的：为推进中国不动产统一登记提供建议。研究方法：描述性研究。研究结果：中国分散的不动产行政管理体制导致了分散的不动产登记制度;登记矛盾和冲突问题是迫切需要解决的分散登记弊端;构建中国不动产统一登记制度时,应当贯彻统一性、有效性、效率性、可行性等原则;推进不动产统一登记,一是必须从法理上合理界定不动产物权的关系,明确以土地登记为基础,二是不动产登记机关可选择行政机关,三是在过渡期可通过优化登记机关职能来推进统一登记。研究结论：当前可构建以土地登记为基础的统一的不动产登记过渡方案,即以土地所有权登记为基础,统一协调、行使“不动产权利类型认定”和“不动产界址划定”两项职权,建立协调或者统一的不动产登记信息系统来推进不动产统一登记。     

不动产统一登记的难点与政策建议

不动产统一登记制度显示了党中央和国务院对不动产统一登记的重视、决心和努力。对不动产统一登记制度研究的历史演变和契约登记制、权利登记制和托伦斯登记制三种主要类型的国外不动产登记制度进行了介绍,分析了不动产统一登记的难点,有政府部门和个人利益阻力,登记人员知识结构需要完善更新,登记所需技术急需发展完善,没有统一的法律法规依据,登记标准不统一,登记不规范,重视管理轻视服务,不动产统一登记的法律风险承担及登记过错的赔偿,甚至不动产统一登记中工作人员的失职等等方面。阐述了不动产统一登记遵循服务第一,快捷使用,循序渐进三项原则。针对当前我国不动产登记中种种问题和困难,当前比较紧迫需要解决的主要有简政放权,加强登记人员的培训,出台不动产登记条例,登记机构统一,设立弥补登记过错的赔偿基金,法律公证风险共担,加强不动产登记工作监督等几个方面。     

《物权法》实施对中国土地登记制度的影响

研究目的:研究在未实行不动产统一登记期间,土地登记工作如何能够满足<物权法>对不动产登记的要求.研究方法:将<物权法>涉及土地登记的规定与现行土地登记政策或法律进行比较,结合土地登记工作实践,研究<物权法>中不动产登记相关条款.分析在不动产未实行统一登记情况下,<物权法>的实施对土地登记工作的影响.研究结果:提出了探索以省或设区市为属地的土地登记管辖制度、扩大土地登记自我举证范围、建立健全土地登记承办机构等过渡期土地登记的工作建议和思路.     

2016年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2017年展望——土地管理领域分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2016年国内外土地管理领域的研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献统计法。研究结果：2016年土地管理领域国外研究侧重于土地制度改革及其所产生的政治、经济、生态效应,土地法律与政策的作用效力及效应,土地权属与登记等方面;国内研究则更多关注农村土地制度改革、不动产登记成果整合应用、自然资源资产管理理论及成果应用、土地市场监管与土地财政影响、“三权分置”法律关系界定、集体土地所有权立法及集体成员资格界定、土地用途管制与耕地保护制度等相关问题。研究结论：2016年土地管理领域在不动产登记与自然资源资产管理、土地市场监管与调控以及土地用途管制方面的研究有所进展;2017年将重点关注土地管理制度改革、不动产统一登记制度的推进与完善、自然资源资产管理体制建设、土地及房地产市场调控,乃至农村土地市场的管理与调控、土地法律体系改革等方面。     

土地登记在不动产统一登记中的地位

我国的不动产统一登记制度已经呼之欲出,它将改变我国目前不动产分别登记的混乱局面,对保护公民财产权益、维护市场经济秩序意义重大。是以房屋登记为基础连同土地一并登记,还是以土地登记为基础把土地上的建筑物、构筑物和附着物统一进行登记?人们还在七嘴八舌地争论。本文从土地的基本属性和土地与其他不动产的关系出发,分析了土地登记在不动产登记中的地位与作用,认为以土地登记为基础进行不动产统一登记,既符合土地自然属性特点,又符合不动产的存续顺序,也是国际上通行的做法。作者观点:应当建立以土地登记为基础的不动产统一登记制度。     

不动产估价师培养与土地资源管理专业建设

研究目的:探究土地资源管理专业学科建设方向。研究方法:借助文献资料和因果分析方法,在回顾中国不动产估价制度形成历史和分析中国学科划分与毕业生就业前景的基础上,解析中国不动产估价师的知识结构、专业背景与培养模式。研究结果:无论是从历史的角度还是从发展的现状看,土地资源管理专业都应该成为中国不动产估价师的培养基地,特别是应当把不动产估价师的培养列为土地资源管理专业硕士研究生培养的重要目标之一。研究结论:在现有的学科分类体系下,借鉴注册会计师的培养模式,在土地资源管理专业中确定不动产估价师的专业方向。     

“三权分置”下的土地经营权登记

研究目的:研究探讨"三权分置"改革下的土地经营权登记的原则和方法。研究方法:历史研究法、规范分析法。研究结果:(1)土地经营权应当具备物权性质,应当进行不动产权利登记;(2)土地经营权与土地承包经营权之间的关系,决定其不动产登记该如何进行,对土地经营权做怎样的不动产登记,又能直接反映出它的法律地位和权利性质。研究结论:在中国土地公有制背景下,土地使用权不属于土地的他项权利。为保证"三权分置"改革目标实现,亦当将土地经营权视作土地使用权性质,并进行不动产首次登记。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.