Prices and Information Under Imperfect Competition

Imperfectly competitive product markets cannot be informationally efficient as private information has strategic implications interfering with price adjustment. This is illustrated in a duopoly model with sequential price setting where private information either leads to prices not being adjusted to all available information or to adjusted but biased prices.     

跨国公司与跨文化管理

经济全球化的发展使得跨国经营已成为当今世界经济中的一个普遍现象。跨国公司在商品、资本、技术跨越国界的同时,也跨越了文化。跨国公司要适应国外市场,就要正确理解各种因素对其经营管理活动的影响和作用。一个全球化的公司进入一个相对陌生的海外市场时,它面临的主要困难有文化差异、法律差异、语言和沟通障碍等,而文化差异又往往决定了企业国际化经营的成败。文化给企业开展国际经营带来了机遇,但更多的却是巨大的挑战。如何在多元文化下成功地进行跨国经营,一直是困扰跨国公司经营者的难题。一、对公司业务经营的影响1.文化差异影响公…     

Strategic Trade Policy Under Uncertainty*

This paper extends the Brander-Spencer (1985) model by considering market uncertainty, exploring nonlinear policy, and examining firms' choices of strategic variables. By investigating the interrelationship between trade policy and market conduct, we find that unlike the often-studied linear policy, a nonlinear policy can influence the domestic firm's choice of strategic variables and hence alter the market conduct in favor of the domestic country. Therefore, a nonlinear policy proves strictly superior to a linear one.     

跨国企业投资、政府招商行为与最优引资政策选择

通过构建一个以东道国利益为核心的博弈理论分析模型,从静态与动态两个方面对跨国企业投资与东道国政策选择之间的均衡问题进行了研究.研究结果发现,在其他条件不变的情况下,东道国外资优惠政策的最优水平与资本缺口的大小以及对外资需求的迫切程度成正比,与投资环境的优越程度成反比.因此,对于东道国而言,外资政策应朝向合理、有效且注重优化投资环境的方向发展.     

Strategic Environmental Policy Under Incomplete Information

This paper introduces incomplete information into recent analyses of strategic environmental policy. It is shown how asymmetric information between planners and producers affects national incentives to impose strategic environmental standards on domestic industries in international oligopolistic competition. Relative to the full-information case, incomplete information is likely to mitigate allocative distortions originating from strategic behaviour. A countervailing effect, tending to raise distortion, is however revealed from the analysis. This effect is absent when governments intervene in free trade through direct production subsidies. The results suggest that incentives to capture foreign rents are less reduced due to private information, when environmental standards, rather than direct production subsidies, are the strategic instrument.     

Equilibrium Tariff Schedules In Commercial Policy Games Under Uncertainty

Abstract A partial two country equilibrium model is built in which two different exogenous random shocks may occur. the governments simultaneously choose tariff functions relating their specific tariff to the level of an observable variable (volume of trade or international price). In the case of a “volume of trade shock” the Nash equilibria of this game are more protectionist the larger the possible trade swings and autarky is always an equilibrium outcome. In the case of a “terms of trade shock”, constant tariffs, at their Nash equilibrium in specific tariff levels are the only sensible equilibrium outcome.     

我国跨国公司的发展战略浅释

一、经济全球化中的跨国公司 经济全球化的形成机理由若干方面的因素构成,主要的首先是以跨国公司为主力的微观经济主体的全球性逐利活动.国际上的对外直接投资活动主体是跨国公司,跨国公司成份主要是美、日、德、英、法等西方发达国家.对外直接投资的份额十分庞大,增长速度很快.仅近15年而言,国际直接投资就增加了6.5倍,到1998年底,累计余额达40000亿美元(<经济学家>1997 ;<联合国贸发会议统计>1999).西方发达国家的金融资产总额己达30多万亿美元,对外贸易中有80%左右是跨国公司内部贸易.人们预测,到2005年,世界商品和劳务出口总额将达114000亿美元.技术的跨国交易也主要是跨国公司的份额.商品和生产要素在世界不同地区的价格差异为跨国公司在全球追逐利润提供了空间,从而产生了对外投资、企业生产过程的跨国分解与全球配置,以及技术贸易.     

我国企业跨国经营的战略选择

跨国公司是全球化背景下各国综合国力的重要标志，也是各国参与全球竞争的有力武器。加快发展跨国公司，努力缩小与发达国家的差距，是当前我国经济发展的重要任务，也是我国企业改革与发展的战略选择。本文剖析了我国企业跨国经营的现状与问题，提出了发展我国企业跨国经营的战略对策与建议。     

Towards an Economic Approach to Imperfect Meritocracy

In this paper imperfect meritocracy is defined as the appointment in the public sector of unsuitable (in the sense of merit) individuals for political reasons. After discussing the possible causes for the emergence of an imperfect meritocracy framework, the paper then sets the basis for an economic analysis of typical politicians' behaviour in such a framework. After deriving the demand for political appointments, the analysis verifies the intuitive insight that the number of political appointments falls when politicians are competent. Another main result is that the more votes an appointment carries through relatives and friends, the greater the demand for political appointments. Finally, it is shown that the demand for political appointments increases when taxation and the price index increase and that it falls when income increases.     

Imperfect Information and Opportunism

Information is a scarce resource. It is inherently available only in a limited form to decision-makers. Limited or imperfect information is caused by uncertainty — both ontologic and epistemic, limitations in cognitive capabilities or bounded rationality, hidden information, and information asymmetries. This has fundamental implications for the manner in which the self-interested behavior of agents will manifest itself. The article argues that in the context of imperfect information, self-interest can function in a manner quite different from what standard approaches assume. This has been demonstrated by the recent financial crisis. However, there has been limited consideration in mainstream models, both of the neoclassical and institutional type, as to what the exact nature of self-interestedness is, and how this affects the market behavior of agents. The nature of self-interest, therefore, needs to be modeled explicitly to improve the explanatory power of economic theories.     

心情与联想——跨国公司和中国社会

跨国公司进入中国,改变中国的社会结构、社会关系、制度法规和人的生存状况.可是,更重要的是它将如何改变中国的精神方向?不能任由跨国公司把我们带到丧失我们精神历史的未名地!中国当代的知识分子不仅仅要从与权、商勾结的网络中解救出来,更要从痴恋科学、技术、物质的百年迷思中挣脱出来.中国知识分子长期背负着巨大的精神包袱,它包含了诸如西方、民主、科学、真理、自由、平等、博爱、人权、法制、公民社会等一套又一套话语.这套观念究竟是在什么背景下理解的?又是如何被理解的?这个反思已经到了非做不可的时候了.     

跨国公司社会责任弱化问题研究

改革开放以来,跨国公司以其先进的发展战略和管理理念,在中国的经济发展中发挥了重要作用,但近年来,部分跨国公司社会责任的缺失也引起了社会的广泛关注。以跨国公司在中国社会责任的缺失为研究对象,利用利益相关者理论,从跨国公司股东、中国政府,消费者和媒体及社会有关组织四个方面,对这一现象产生的原因进行了分析,并对规制跨国公司如何履行社会责任提出了相关的政策建议。     

发展我国跨国公司的战略思考

中国企业融入国际市场是中国经济走向世界的必由之路，也是企业追求高额利润和生产要素在全球范围内优化配置组合的必然结果。作为全球化主体的跨国公司在世界经济、技术领域中发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此，如何发展我国的跨国公司，增强国际竞争能力是一项十分紧迫而艰巨的任务。本文分析了中国企业跨国经营的现状，找出了存在的问题，提出了发展我国跨国公司的战略思考。     

Two-Part Trade Policy under Imperfect Competition

In this paper we consider the potential gain of a government pursuing a two-part trade policy: an import license for entry, along with a per-unit tariff on imports. The model is a two-stage game of complete but imperfect information. In the first stage, the domestic government sets trade policy, while in the second stage the home and foreign producers behave as Cournot competitors. The paper demonstrates that the optimal trade policy depends upon the number of firms, the degree of heterogeneity in cost functions, and the degree of convexity in cost functions.     

Efficient Environmental Policy with Imperfect Compliance

Discussions of efficient environmental policytend to recommend taxes rather than quotas ongrounds of efficiency; a uniform tax willequalize marginal abatement cost betweenpolluters. When polluters' actions are imperfectly observable, the distinction betweentaxes and quotas becomes less clear. Taxes maybe evaded by underreporting of emissions, whilequota violations will not always be discovered.This paper explores the conditions under whichthe efficiency properties of taxes continue tohold even when evasion is possible, and theextent to which the fine for quota violationsplays the same role as a tax on emissions withsimilar efficiency properties.     

Economics,Power, and Regulation of Multinational Corporations

Contingent — rather than secure — provisioning is the core of the institutions of capitalism. This differential access to means of life is a method of prodding labor force participation, considered “coercion” by “old” institutional economists and “freedom” by neoliberal thinkers. Status differentials, which are based on pay hierarchies and branded consumer goods, help reinforce the individual competition for differential rewards. Reform would require reconstituting the labor market, as well as financial institutions, and restructuring the rationales for income distribution.     

跨国公司离岸服务的工资效应研究

文章运用理论模型研究基于成本节约和技术进步动因的跨国公司离岸服务如何通过生产力效应、相对价格效应和劳动力供给效应三条渠道影响母国和东道国劳动力的工资水平。文章认为不同类型的离岸服务对母国和东道国不同技能水平劳动力的工资水平会产生不同的影响。     

论金融业跨国公司的企业模块化分解

模块化不仅成为很多企业适应市场需求变化的生产方式,模块化也越来越成为一些企业适应市场需求变化的组织创新模式,从而引起了组织模式的改变和产业结构的变革。模块化分解是企业模块化的重要基础和前提。本文以金融业跨国公司为例来探讨服务型跨国公司的企业模块化分解路径,以期通过可操作性的企业模块化分解路径为更多服务型跨国公司的企业模块化实践提供理论借鉴。     

论跨国公司海外研究与发展投资的模式选择

跨国公司不仅在进行生产活动的国际化,他们还在将越来越多的研发活动转移到某些发展中国家。跨国公司在进行海外研发投资决策时,必须在海外经营的内部模式和外部模式之间进行选择。