Leadership and control system design

Little attention has been given to the role of leadership characteristics in the organization design literature despite significant evidence of its importance in explaining firm behavior. This study develops and tests a model to assess the effects of leadership style on three control choices that are considered integral elements of a firm's management control system; namely the delegation choice, the use of planning and control systems and the performance measurement system. Our results, based on data collected from 128 profit center managers, indicate that leadership style is a significant predictor of senior management's use of the planning and control system and their use of the performance measurement system for rewarding lower-level managers. After controlling for operating contextual factors (namely, subunit interdependencies and knowledge asymmetries) we find no effect of leadership style on delegation choices but do find that leadership style influences the use of planning and control systems as predicted.     

互联网金融的监管思路是建立立体式风控体系

2016年互联网金融有哪些大事件 2016年,国际上发生了一些互联网金融领域的大事件,一是在2016年5月2日,美国一家非常著名的网贷机构OnDeck公布了盈利数据,其盈利数据比市场预测低很多.该公司公布次日股价下跌了34%.二是美国另外一家P2P公司P r o s p e r在2016年5月3日裁员171人,占其总人数的28%,这是美国P2P行业内的首次大规模裁员.三是2016年5月9日,作为全球P2P行业的标杆公司Lending Club,由于把贷款产品卖给投资特征不符合的投资者,创始人辞职了.     

An evidential reasoning approach to Sarbanes-Oxley mandated internal control risk assessment

In response to the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 and of the release of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5, this study develops a risk-based evidential reasoning approach for assessing the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting (ICoFR). This approach provides a structured methodology for assessing the effectiveness of ICoFR by considering relevant factors and their interrelationships. The Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions is utilized for representing risk.First, we develop a generic ICoFR assessment model based upon a Big 4 audit firm's approach and apply it to a real-world example. Then, based on this model, we develop a quantitative representation of various levels of ICoFR effectiveness and related risk-assessment as defined by the PCAOB and contrast these representations with levels implied by Auditing Standard No. 5. In doing so, we demonstrate the potential value of formal risk assessment models in both facilitating the assessment of risks in an individual engagement and in assessing the effects of different regulations.     

An integrated multi-model credit rating system for private firms

This paper presents a integrated credit risk modelling approach for private firms which fulfil 2001 Basel Accord requirements in the case of the adoption of the foundation approach. Our model comprises: (a) a bottom-up technique to initially assess the through-the-cycle one-year Probability of Default (PD) and (b) a top-down approach to refine and calibrate this historical PD in a forward-looking credit risk assessment based on next year’s economic outlook. We present findings from applying this model to a large sample of client firms of the Bank of Rome.     

Eva®*: An integrated financial management system**

Both the rise of hostile takeovers and the phenomenal success of LBOs in the 1980s can be explained in part as capital market responses to the shortcomings of the top-down, EPS-based model of financial management that has long dominated corporate America. the EVA financial management system, which presents the 1990s most serious challenge to the dominance of the EPS model, borrows important aspects from the LBO movement, particularly its focus on capital efficiency and ownership incentives. Unlike the LBO movement, however, the EVA system accomplishes such goals without the high leverage and concentration of risk that limit LBOs to the mature sector of the US economy.     

An approach to learning risk-based auditing

This paper presents a discussion of a risk-based auditing project that can be used in an undergraduate or graduate auditing course. The project gives students an opportunity to apply the concepts learned in their auditing class about risk-based auditing to a real world company. A number of companies are selected from a particular industry. Each student team is assigned a company and performs business risk analysis related to the entity and its environment using a structured questionnaire (template). The students are required to perform analytical procedures (ratio analysis) on the company and compare it to industry data or a competitor. Student evaluations of the project indicate that it helped them apply their audit knowledge, and was relevant to the auditing class.     

A general approach to integrated risk management with skewed,fat-tailed risks

Integrated risk management for financial institutions requires an approach for aggregating risk types (market, credit, and operational) whose distributional shapes vary considerably. We construct the joint risk distribution for a typical large, internationally active bank using the method of copulas. This technique allows us to incorporate realistic marginal distributions that capture essential empirical features of these risks such as skewness and fat-tails while allowing for a rich dependence structure. We explore the impact of business mix and inter-risk correlations on total risk. We then compare the copula-based method with several conventional approaches to computing risk.     

Accounting information systems and learning theory: an integrated approach to teaching

A background to the adoption of computing in accounting education is discussed. There has been considerable pressure by the accounting profession for information technology to be taught in tertiary accounting courses. While accommodating these expectations, accounting academics have been concerned that such teaching should focus on conceptual understanding, rather than training. Research on effectiveness of computers and the learning of accounting concepts has been considered and found to be inconclusive and conflicting. It has been argued that an understanding of learning theory is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of teaching computerized accounting. An approach to teaching computerized accounting information systems and integrating learning theories is presented via a practical example: the objectives of teaching computerized accounting and reasons for adopting the SYBIZ Rev L software package are presented. The chosen approach in developing the teaching and learning material is outlined and linked to learning theory. It is argued that computers in accounting education should not merely be treated as a fait accompli, but be recognized as a part of a process which we should understand and influence. Research needs to continue on a number of methodological fronts. Suggestions are given for more specific empirical research, as well as suggestions on how to incorporate the findings of other related disciplines.     

Accountable clinical management: an integrated approach

Hospitals should move from the traditional siloed approach to managing the clinical side of the enterprise, where finance leaders and clinicians play distinctly different roles without coordination, to an integrated approach that assembles a multidisciplinary team to focus coordinated attention on identifying and pursuing opportunities for clinical process improvement. Senior executives should lead this top-down effort to establish goals and set priorities for action, using an integrated, high-level reporting dashboard that shows overall performance in terms of quality, efficiency, and patient experience. Implementing integrated clinical management requires a clear, consistent communications plan and messaging for physicians and managers to show why it is increasingly necessary for both hospitals and physicians.     

Monetary policy and financial (in)stability: An integrated micro–macro approach

Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.     

Integral Futures: An approach to futures inquiry

This paper sketches the broad outlines of the philosophical and methodological foundations of an emerging approach to inquiry—‘integral inquiry’—and how this form of inquiry may be applied to futures studies, leading to an approach which has come to be called ‘Integral Futures’.     

An option model approach to firm liquidity management

With an awareness of the famous Keynesian motives of demand for liquidity, we look at the cases of speculative and precautionary demand at the level of an individual firm. In countries like France, having alternative periods of large liquidity and credit squeeze, the firm's demand for liquidity is not only a transaction demand, but is also influenced by financial imperatives. The problem is to evaluate theoretically the amount of this demand and to elucidate the explicative variables. A valuation formula is derived from a comparison between a liquidity investment and a common stock call option. At this point, the now well-known theory of option pricing is used to obtain an explicit form of this valuation formula.     

An intersectional approach to evaluating consumer financial literacy

This study applies a novel approach to explore consumer financial literacy—the necessary skills and knowledge to make personal financial decisions—across different demographic groups. Rather than exploring demographic variables independently of each other, an intersectional approach is employed to identify the most critical and vulnerable consumer groups in light of financial literacy. A survey of 1047 respondents from a panel of consumers residing in the United States demonstrates that identifying the most critical and vulnerable consumer groups is achieved using an intersectional approach. For example, although we find Generation Y exhibits lower financial literacy compared with previous generations, by examining the demographic variables simultaneously, we find that Generation Y females who are members of ethnical minorities are at the greatest risk of being financially vulnerable. Implications for research and financial literacy programs are discussed.     

综合业务前置安全系统的设计

近几年来，随着中间业务日益受到各商业银行的高度重视，各种交易渠道不断发展完善，整个系统的安全稳定运行显得尤为重要。中国建设银行黑龙江省分行结合总行数据集中项目，建设了综合前置系统，整合了原有的中间业务系统和各渠道系统，使系统结构优良、清晰，利于稳定运行和系统维护，利于在此平台上进行新业务产品的快速开发；重新设计了一套安全系统，来保障综合业务前置系统平台应用层面的通信、数据存储、与其他平台数据交换等方面的安全。