The Costs and Benefits of Cutting Inflation

In recent speeches Treasury Ministers have coined a new slogan. They argue that inflation is not an alternative to high unemployment but a fundamental cause of it. They use this slogan to attack those who suggest that thefight against inflation should be slackened - at least briefly - in order to reduce unemployment. In this Economic e iewpoint we examine the arguments about the relation between inflation and unemployment. We suggest that although inflation may be a cause of unemployment in the long term there is an inescapable short-term choice to be made between reducing unemployment and reducing inflation. We explain why this choice arises and also discuss the longer-term effects of counter-inflationary policies. Finally we examine the record of this Government's policies so far.     

The Costs and Benefits of a'Duty to Trade Fairly'

Christina Fulop of the City of London Polytechnic reviews the'duty to trade fairly'which has been introduced to increase consumer protection and claims that it will not have the desired effect.     

利益相关者视角下的财务困境成本与收益

本文认为,传统的财务理论仅从企业的角度考虑负债所导致的财务困境成本与收益,忽视了负债经营对债权人、客户、供应商、雇员及竞争对手等利益相关者交易行为的影响。企业财务杠杆过高会给潜在的债权人、客户、供应商和雇员带来了隐性成本,而理性的利益相关者通常可以事先预见到这些成本,最终将由负债企业承担。企业财务杠杆过高还会导致竞争对手趁机掠夺其市场份额,从而使企业未来利润大幅度下降。尽管有企业可以利用财务困境获得一些收益,但是相对于其财务困境成本,这些收益通常是微不足道的。     

政府统计的经济效益和社会效益

统计是一种特殊的信息服务,统计信息是一种特殊的产品。统计产品的使用不同于实物产品,有其经济效益和社会效益。统计产品的社会效益除从社会利用率,利用效果方面考察外,还可从社会认知度和社会评价等方面考察。     

国外行政立法的成本效益分析及其启示

影响到了高等学校在广大群众中的形象.因此,高等学校要充分体现社会主义民主,加强自身行为的透明度,审计信息的公开化,无疑是内在的需要.这不仅能提高高等学校审计的社会影响力,而且能为最大多数人提供信息,也避免了审计信息的浪费现象.     

浅析群众文化工作的社会效益和经济效益

本文试从群文工作的性质、功能和作用方面论述当前群文工作应把社会效益放在首位,转变观念,深化改革,实现两个效益的最佳结合。     

Including the Feedback of Local Health Improvement in Assessing Costs and Benefits of GHG Reduction

Ancillary benefits of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation refer to benefits from GHG mitigation in addition to lowered adverse impacts of global climate change. A major ancillary benefit of GHG mitigation is reduced local air toxins, which improves health. The purpose of the study is not to determine whether ancillary benefits of GHG mitigation can or cannot justify GHG mitigation. Rather, we discuss how an important benefit of addressing GHG emission — the local health effects — should and can be incorporated using the approaches put forth. A CGE model is used for simulating a carbon tax policy. A health effects submodel takes the local air emissions output from the CGE model and assesses the implications for ambient air concentration, health, and labor supply. Labor and medical expenditure changes are fed back into the economy. Applying this approach to Thailand, when health feedback is included we find that: (1) negative impact on GDP under a carbon tax drops by 45%, and (2) welfare improves for households and cleaner producers.     

The Social Costs of Innovation Policy

Innovation policy is designed to produce social benefits by solving a market failure problem associated with private investment in new knowledge. Yet the social costs of these policy interventions are routinely ignored. We use the Djankov et al. (2003) institutional possibility frontier model to analyse the trade‐offs between the social costs of disorder and those of dictatorship that particular innovation policies impose. We show how different innovation policies impose different types of social costs. We conclude that the case for public support for innovation policies is often both distorted and overstated because of failure to account for social costs.     

如何看待体育经济发展中的经济与社会效益

体育经济的经济与社会效益巨大,如何看待体育经济发展中的经济效益与社会效益的关系,是一个具有普遍性意义的问题。本文就如何看待这个问题,简单谈一些自己的看法,并提出,要正确对待体育经济的经济与社会效益,就要做到两者并重、共同发展。并就如何更好的发挥体育的经济与社会效益提出一点自己的看法。     

Disclosure Regulation in Duopoly Markets: Proprietary Costs and Social Welfare

Abstract

The argument of proprietary costs is commonly used by firms to object against proposed disclosure regulations. The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of the welfare consequences of disclosure in duopoly markets and to identify market settings where proprietary costs are a viable argument for firms to remain silent. We, therefore, solve the optimal disclosure strategies and distinguish two different potentially costly effects of disclosing private information: the strategic information effect and the market information effect. We identify the market settings for which a regulator prefers to impose disclosure regulation so as to maximise consumer surplus or total surplus. Regulation may be necessary because (i) the increase in welfare outweighs proprietary costs to the firms, or (ii) firms are trapped in a prisoners' dilemma. The first primarily applies to Bertrand competition with demand uncertainty and, to a lesser extent, to Cournot competition. The second applies primarily to Cournot competition and Bertrand competition with cost uncertainty.     

民航对北京市社会经济效益的研究分析

民航运输业是国民经济的重要基础产业之一,它作为一个生产部门不仅具有其自身的生产效益,同时对经济社会的其他生产部门存在着一定的拉动和推动作用,从而产生间接经济效益。本文以《2012年北京市投入产出表》为数据基础,对其进行调整以突出航空运输部门,运用投入产出法估价民航对北京市产生的社会经济效益。计算结果显示,民航给北京市带来的间接经济效益远大于直接经济效益。     

面向社会效益的城市共同配送研究进展

分析了城市共同配送的研究背景，介绍了共同配送的产生渊源及国外共同配送项目的实践情况，总结了共同配送的基本类型，进一步分析了国内外的研究现状和发展动态，介绍国外相关研究方向，最后指出了推动城市共同配送的现实意义。     

我国电动汽车产业扶持政策的社会效益及对策研究

论文首先对我国电动汽车产业政策进行总结,然后选择电动汽车上市公司为对象进行研究,基于2009年到2011年汽车上市公司相关数据基础上,研究汽车上市公司的企业税负和政府补贴程度,进行产业政策的社会效益评价,以期提出能促进电动汽车产业发展的相关建议。     

The Costs of Air Quality Deterioration and Benefits of Air Pollution Control: Estimates of Mortality Costs for Two Pollutants in 40 US. Metropolitan Areas

A bstract . Although it is still impossible to place a dollar value on human lives and on the total health effeets of air pollution , the excessive mortality costs of two air pollutants– sulfur dioxide (SO₂ and total suspended particulates (TSP)-have been quantified for most of the 40 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States. Based on 1970 data, total mortality damage for SO₂ was estimated at $887 million and for TSP at $1.044 billion. The benefit from reducing these pollutants could exceed $1.328 billion annually, a figure useful in evaluating control costs.     

城市地下空间开发社会效益研究综述

随着我国城市化水平不断提高、城市人口快速增长,单开发地上空间已跟不上时代的步伐,城市地下空间的发展也就应运而生。城市地下空间的社会效益可分为七大类:节省土地、节省出行时间、节省能源、地上建筑物增值、提高交通安全、提高工作效率、增加就业机会等效益,并对其进行货币化分析。通过对城市地下空间社会效益的研究,进一步明确城市地下空间建设的必要性以及重要性,使公众能够充分的认识城市地下空间的开发。     

The Social and Environmental Costs of Milk Production: Trends and Resistance in Vermont

The power of social institutions to influence patterns of behavior is evident in the dairy industry. Secondary data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) show that dairy operators adapt to market pressures by expanding the size of their herds and/or adopting technologies that intensify milk production. A grounded theory approach using primary data collected in interviews with organic dairy operators reveals active resistance to the power imposed upon them by social institutions.     

航空运输业社会经济效益分析

航空运输业对促进国家和地区的经济发展发挥着重要的作用。在航空运输业带来的经济效益中,属于航空运输企业的只有一小部分,更大的比重体现在其对相关产业的推动作用上,因此有必要对航空运输业产生的社会经济效益进行分析和测算。本文通过对2007年的《中国投入产出表》进行调整,运用投入产出法测算出2010年航空运输业的社会经济效益。从结果可以看出,航空运输业所产生的间接经济效益要远大于其直接经济效益。