农产品不公平贸易政府行为的市场动力及耦合机制研究

由于一些国家经常采取各种手段,实施不公平竞争,导致了农产品贸易摩擦的频繁发生:一方面,任何农业贸易政策都是政治市场均衡的结果。发达国家的政府为获得农业利益集团的政治支持,倾向于采取贸易保护政策。另一方面,农业目标必须与其他行业目标保持平衡,同时,农业贸易政策目标也是多元化的,存在各目标彼此协调的问题。在不确定性环境中,农业政策的形成具有连续性和惯性。     

Old wine in new bottles: Agricultural protectionism in the EC

Intensified efforts have been made in the EC in recent years to close the open flanks of its agricultural trade policy. The advocates of this not only believe that an import substitution policy will solve the problem of surpluses, the budget crisis and the grave income problems in the agricultural sector, but also see it as an opportunity to reduce the widespread price and trade distortions. Are these hopes justified?     

试析欧共体的优惠贸易协定政策与WTO规则的协调与兼容

欧共体与世界上100多个国家签有种类繁多、名称各异的优惠贸易协定,这使其拥有了一张当今世界上最大的优惠贸易"网络"。近年来,欧共体将对外贸易协定从单向优惠调整为双向互惠一方面是为了与WTO规则相协调,特别是WTO争端解决机构对香蕉案的裁决起到了"催化剂"的作用;但另一方面,这种政策调整的背后还有着更为重要的政治与经济动因,凸现出欧共体对于WTO规则的理解与运用透着很强的实用主义色彩,维护与拓展经贸利益是其进行政策调整的根本目的。     

On the European Responsibility in the Agricultural Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Modelling the Impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy

The present round of multilateral trade negotiations is still deadlocked over agricultural trade. The European Union (EU) is urged by its trading partners to open its agricultural markets. Economic evaluations of trade liberalisation scenarios unanimously conclude that a substantial opening of agricultural markets is required for a successful (welfare‐improving) Doha Round. In this paper, we perform new evaluations to identify precisely the contributions of the European farm policy and to examine the robustness of these evaluations in the representation of this complex policy. Using the same specifications as in major previous studies, our first simulations show that the EU has a major responsibility in delivering significant gains to the developing countries. On the other hand, when we conduct the same experiments with a more relevant calibration and modelling of the European farm policy instruments, the gains that these developing countries may reap from the EU liberalisation are considerably reduced. Accordingly the current charge against the EU is simply inopportune.     

农业的非商品产出的外部性与非贸易关注问题

非贸易关注问题的本质特征是农业的多功能性,即商品产出功能和非商品产出功能。非商品产出功能的基本特征是联合生产特征、公共产品特征和外部性,这三个特征互相融合,是三位一体的关系。本文对农业的非商品产出的外部性在国际贸易中的影响进行了理论分析,得出结论,在多数情况下,人们观察到的在自由贸易中进口国利益受损的原因在于农业的外部性未被内部化,而不是通常人们认为的是由自由贸易所导致的。在此基础上推论出其在非贸易关注问题中的政策含义,并指出了谁在非贸易关注问题中受益。最后,提出了我国在非贸易关注问题中应持的立场。     

Demystify Protectionism: The WTO Trade Policy Review of Japan

This paper reviews the eighth Trade Policy Review (TPR) for Japan. It begins with an appreciation of its fair and well‐balanced work in updating knowledge on the progress of policy reform in Japan. The TPR confirms the recovery of the Japanese economy with some notable improvements in its policy environment, the example of which is competition policy. On the other hand, there still remain notable trade impediments, particularly in agriculture. Some agricultural products are still heavily protected by complicated border measures. This paper provides some supplementary information, namely that the domestic production of most of the heavily protected products, with the exception of rice, are highly concentrated geographically, suggesting the politico‐economic background. The rise of regionalism is mentioned as another topical issue in Japan though the characteristics and significance of free trade agreement networking by Japan are not fully discussed by the TPR. The TPR praises Japan's effort in providing the generalised system of preferences (GSP), but this paper offers a somewhat sceptical view of the role of GSP as a useful tool for developing countries. Overall, the TPR for Japan is assessed as a good starting point for dealing with the remaining issues on international commercial policies in Japan.     

EC internal market: An opportunity for CMEA countries?

The removal of the internal frontiers within the EC will tend to have a negative effect on trade relations between EC and CMEA countries. The implications of 1992 for trade patterns between the EC and the CMEA are examined in the following article and the role which future EC trade policy could play here is outlined.     

基于人文贸易观的湖南省农产品国际贸易转变研究

入世后,湖南省农产品国际贸易进入全新发展阶段。本文从农产品贸易对农业经济增长的贡献度及其经济和社会效益、对资源环境的影响等方面进行了现状分析,并从WTO人文贸易观、世界农产品贸易环境变化等角度分析了转变的必要性,最后针对性提出了推动农产品贸易增长进入中高级阶段、优化贸易结构、内部激励与外部保障结合的发展对策。     

技术壁垒对国际贸易影响的实证分析——以中日茶叶贸易为例

技术性贸易壁垒是影响两国(地区)间贸易发展的重要因素。以农药残留标准为主要内容的技术性贸易壁垒严重影响了我国农产品的对外贸易,其中尤以我国传统特色出口农产品——茶叶受到的技术性贸易壁垒的影响最为典型。日本是我国茶叶出口的第二大市场,自2001年起,日本不断提高进口茶叶的农药残留标准,构成了技术性贸易壁垒,成为影响中日两国茶叶贸易发展的障碍。文章在简介日本茶叶技术性贸易壁垒与中国茶叶农残限量标准体系、定量分析茶叶在中日两国贸易中地位与作用的基础上,运用引力模型实证分析技术性贸易壁垒对中日茶叶贸易的影响,并探讨了化解日本茶叶技术壁垒的对策建议。     

Russia’s foreign trade and the economic reforms

The Russian Federation now faces a totally new beginning as regards the shaping of its foreign trade relations. The demands made upon its external economic policy by the changes in the political and economic systems on the one hand and the collapse of the formerly unified economic zone of the Soviet Union on the other are so great that, in many respects, consistent answers have yet to be found. To what extent has the Russian government so far succeeded in developing a new foreign trade regime?     

日本农产品贸易保护政策的调整及影响和启示

多哈回合农业谈判以来,日本对其农产品贸易保护政策进行了调整,将其政策重点放在了高筑技术性贸易壁垒和强调农业多功能性方面.这导致我国对日农产品出口成本增加、数量减少、贸易摩擦增多,但同时也有利于我国提高对“绿色”农产品的重视度、促进我国农产品检测标准和手段进一步完善等.我们农产品贸易保护的具体对策：要根据国情充分利用WTO规则;注重提高农产品的品质;打造中国品牌;缩小城乡差距;加快农业设施建设等重要启示.     

Coherence between development policy and agricultural policy

The practical shaping of the EU's common agricultural policy and the instruments used to pursue its goals are often in conflict with the development policy goal of a trade regime which offers developing countries open markets as a contribution, in the long term, to reducing the poverty gap between nations. What are the possible areas of conflict between agricultural policy and development policy? How can these policies be made more coherent?     

环境对国际贸易的积极作用和消极影响

环境和贸易之间有着复杂的关系和相互影响，一个领域的政策措施会不断地对另一个领域产生显著而重要的影响。环境对贸易既有积极影响又有消极作用。一方面环境为贸易的可持续发展提供了基础，另一方面，严格的环境保护政策，会给发展中国家的贸易带来不利影响。我国要保持贸易利益和促使经济持续发展，就必须认识到环境和贸易的密切关系，趋利避害，采取必要的应对和发展措施。     

National protectionism and common trade policy

The EC recently created a new instrument of trade policy to deter illicit trade practices. A major part of its purpose is to strengthen the Community’s authority in the area of trade policy and counter the spread of international protectionism within the Community. The following article demonstrates, among other things, that protectionism in the Community cannot offer a workable alternative to this course.     

西方三权分立制度约束下贸易政策的生成机理——一个理论模型及其政策含义

贸易政策是一种特殊的公共产品。在西方三权分立的西方政治架构制约下,一国贸易政策的形成和决定过程受国家核心利益、行业利益集团以及贸易对手策略等因素的制约和影响。其中,国家核心利益决定贸易政策基本性质和属性,而行业利益集团对贸易政策的偏向产生明显影响,从而导致贸易政策在一定程度上偏离福利目标。另外,贸易对手的策略性行为对一国贸易政策的制定具有重要的牵制作用。     

The Most and the Least Favoured Nations: Norway's Trade Policy in Perspective

This article reviews some recent developments in Norway's trade policy, in the light of the WTO's Trade Policy Review of Norway, 2004. A main focus is on the relationship between MFN trade policy and Norway's numerous preferential trade arrangements. In spite of a growing number of free trade agreements the paper suggests that Norway's trade regime has not become more discriminatory. The reason is that cuts in MFN tariffs as well as improvements in GSP have eroded preference margins in manufacturing faster than the coverage of free trade agreements has expanded. As a result of liberalisation, the trade regime for manufacturing has become less discriminatory, not more. While Norway is on the whole a liberal‐minded supporter of the world trade system, it has twice in recent history reacted with protectionism. Around 1980, a restrictive quota regime for clothing was implemented. This has later been dismantled, contributing to sharply increased imports from developing countries. For agriculture, Norway has currently high protection, and tariff preferences are limited. It is likely that agricultural protection will be gradually reduced due to the WTO, as well as through free trade agreements and improvements in GSP.     

全球贸易竞争对美国反垄断政策的影响

反垄断政策是美国政府最重要的经济政策之一。在贸易全球化时代,有观点认为,反垄断政策不利于美国企业在国际市场上的竞争,甚至认为应当将反垄断政策置于贸易政策之下。但美国政府接受了经济学家迈克尔·波特的理论,坚持激烈的国内市场竞争有助于美国企业国际竞争力形成的观点,反对将反垄断政策作为贸易政策的工具,并在政策取向上一方面对反垄断政策进行调整,使反垄断政策有助于推动企业创新;另一方面积极推动反垄断领域中的国际合作,为美国企业创造更加平等的竞争环境。     

Defending the Consumer's Right to a Clean Environment in the Face of Globalisation. The Case of Extraterritorial Environmental Protection Under European Community Law

The issue of extraterritorial eco-protection provides an excellent illustration of unresolved tensions deep-rooted within Community policy and law as regards protecting the environment and the consumer. On the one hand, the EC has predicated itself traditionally on the free market model of consumer welfare, which perceives social progress to be indissolubly linked with open markets characterised by free competitive forces, exemplified by the "single market" ideal. Extraterritorial protective measures represent a considerable challenge to this orthodoxy. They not only question the notion that frictionless interstate trade should be the ultimate trump card, but also dispute the notion that a private individual should only have influence or ownership over concerns about the environment directly related to that person's "home" or "domestic" territory, such as the state of nationality or residence.Extraterritorial measures imply a post-national vision of politics, a vision which the EC in its current form does not share. However, by virtue of the major changes made to the Treaty of Rome 1957 (EC Treaty) due to the Single European Act 1986 (SEA), the Treaty on European Union 1992 (TEU), and most recently the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 (ToA), the EC has committed itself to incorporating a strong environmental protection dimension to its traditional core aims related to market integration. These new commitments lend support to ideas and policies enhancing the status of measures designed to prioritise ecological values, including potentially extraterritorial measures on environmental protection.     

东亚“10+3”国家农产品国际竞争力分解及比较研究——基于分类农产品的CMS模型

随着东亚地区双边或多边贸易协定的不断增加,经济一体化成为了各国的最终诉求。然而农产品贸易问题却始终是谈判进程的主要阻力之一。本文侧重于对东亚区域内东盟10国和中日韩3国,就劳动密集型和资本密集型农产品分阶段进行恒定市场份额(CMS)的比较分析。得出的主要结论是:东亚地区农产品市场总体需求潜力很大;产业和结构的合理和完善可在一定程度上提高农产品的竞争力;中国农产品出口份额相对较大但主要依靠低廉的价格,并且竞争力逐渐减弱;政府制定的贸易政策和外部机会在未来农产品贸易中发挥着越来越重要的作用,区域经济合作是一种理想的选择方式。     

Outlets for developing countries in the German market

As one of the biggest trade partners of the developing countries the Federal Republic of Germany is of necessity one of the states to which these countries will address their trade-political demands at UNCTAD V. An analysis shows however that, as the classic competences for trade policy decisions have been largely transferred to the EC, the Federal Republic is left with very little scope for action.