How efficient is joint decision-making in the EU?

This paper looks at how the joint decision-making mode of governance enhances policy effectiveness in the field of European environmental policy. This is mainly due to the as yet neglected phenomenon of the interaction between representative institutions at different levels in the European Union that characterises joint decision-making. Broader versions of this paper have been presented at the ECPR meetings in Bordeaux at the Johns Hopkins University, SAIS, in Bologna, at the IEE of Universidade Católica and the IEEI-Gulbenkian Foundation conference in Lisbon and at the max-Planck Institute in Cologne. The author is indebted to seminar participants for comments and discussions, particularly to Annette Bongardt, Erik Jones, Jonathon Moses, Suzanne Schüttemeyer and Amy Verdun.     

Attitude Toward and Propensity to Engage in Unethical Behavior: Measurement Invariance across Major among University Students

This research examines business and psychology students’ attitude toward unethical behavior (measured at Time 1) and their propensity to engage in unethical behavior (measured at Time 1 and at Time 2, 4 weeks later) using a 15-item Unethical Behavior measure with five Factors: Abuse Resources, Not Whistle Blowing, Theft, Corruption, and Deception. Results suggested that male students had stronger unethical attitudes and had higher propensity to engage in unethical behavior than female students. Attitude at Time 1 predicted Propensity at Time 1 accurately for all five factors (concurrent validity): If students consider it to be unethical, then, they are less likely to engage in that unethical behavior. Attitude at Time 1 predicted only Factor Abuse Resources for Propensity at Time 2. Propensity at Time 1 was significantly related to Propensity at Time 2. Attitude at Time 1, Propensity at Time 1, and Propensity at Time 2 had achieved configural and metric measurement invariance across major (business vs. psychology). Thus, researchers may have confidence in using these measures in future research.Yuh-Jia Chen received his Ph.D. in Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics at Teachers College, Columbia University (with a M.A. in Organizational Psychology and M.S. in Applied Statistics). His research interests lie in choice and decision making under risk, money attitude, and resource allocation behavior. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Middle Tennessee State University.Thomas Li-Ping Tang (Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University) is a Full Professor of Management in the Department of Management and Marketing, Jennings A. Jones College of Business at Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132. He has taught Industrial and Organizational Psychology at National Taiwan University and at MTSU. His primary research interests are in work motivation, compensation, money attitudes, the Love of Money, unethical behavior, pay satisfaction, turnover, stress, and cross-cultural issues. He has published more than 100 journal articles (e.g., Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Human Relations, Journal of Management, Management Research, Journal of Organizational Behavior, and Journal of Business Ethics) and presented more than 180 papers in professional conferences and invited seminars around the world. He is (was) a member of the review board for 5 journals and serves as a reviewer for 26 journals around the world. He was the winner of two Outstanding Research Awards (1991, 1999) and Distinguished International Service Award (1999) at Middle Tennessee State University. He also received the Best Reviewer Award from the International Management Division of the Academy of Management in Seattle, WA (2003).     

The endogenous role of location choice in product innovations

The location choice of product innovations is a prevalent phenomenon one that has received little attention in the literature. This study examines the ways in which comparative industry environment, technology and product characteristics, and entry timing affect the firm's location choice of new product development activities between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries and the implications of location choice for performance. Our findings indicate that: (1) firms are more likely to locate their new product development activities at foreign subsidiaries in mainland China than at headquarters in Taiwan when the industry environment at foreign subsidiaries is more favorable, when technologies and products are more mature, and when the entry to mainland China's market is earlier than that of its competitors; (2) in general, firms locating their new product development activities at headquarters in Taiwan perform better than firms locating their new product development activities at foreign subsidiaries in mainland China after controlling for endogeneity bias; (3) firms locating their new product development activities at headquarters (at foreign subsidiaries) perform better than if they had located their new product development activities at foreign subsidiaries (at headquarters). Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

真实型领导与领导—成员匹配对工作繁荣的影响：社会嵌入视角

工作繁荣是个体成长和进步的标志，已成为组织管理领域日益关注的重要话题。文章从社会嵌入视角出发，探讨了真实型领导与领导-成员匹配对工作繁荣的影响，考察了真实型领导和领导-成员匹配如何通过工作繁荣的传导机制间接影响员工创新行为，并分析了差序氛围的调节效应。通过对200份有效问卷的实证分析表明：真实型领导与领导-成员匹配都对工作繁荣有显著正向影响；工作繁荣显著正向影响员工创新行为；工作繁荣在真实型领导与员工创新行为之间起完全中介作用，在领导-成员匹配与员工创新行为之间也起完全中介作用；差序氛围负向调节了领导-成员匹配对工作繁荣的影响，且负向调节了工作繁荣在领导-成员匹配与员工创新行为间的中介作用。研究结论不仅拓展了中国情境下有关工作繁荣的研究，而且为组织管理者如何促进员工工作繁荣提供了理论指导。     

The Fort McMurray demonstration project in social marketing: Health- and safety-related behaviour in a prosperous industrial community

Abstract

This is the first in a series of surveys conducted in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, as part of the Fort McMurray Demonstration Project in Social Marketing. The Project is a community-based, cooperative program designed to demonstrate and to evaluate the application of social marketing and community animation to health- and safety-promoting interventions. This baseline survey was for the purpose of planning specific interventions and to support evaluation of the impact of these interventions. In 1992, a survey of Fort McMurray residents was conducted by telephone. Respondents to the survey tended to be disproportionately women (60%) and aged 30 to 44 (men 55%, women 54%). Most of the findings reported describe a generally affluent community with good self-reported health status and satisfaction in the quality of life. Occupational and personal health-and safety-related behaviours showed some contradictions. Both hearing protection and eye protection are much more frequently practiced at work than at home by both men and women. Protection from ultraviolet radiation, in the form of sunscreens or clothes cover, is practiced with about the same frequency at home or at work, suggesting that this behaviour is conditioned by lifestyle attitudes. Warm-up exercises are much more commonly practiced by both men and women before exertion at home than at work. We conclude that safety-related practices at home and at work are often at variance. The strategy of encouraging generalization of safety-related behaviours, to be practiced consistently both at home and at work, seems to hold promise for achieving greater compliance and promoting both community and workplace safety.     

Canada’s Stem Cell Corporation: Aggregate Concerns and the Question of Public Trust

This paper examines one nascent entrepreneurial endeavour intended by Canada’s Stem Cell Network to catalyze the commercialization of stem cell research: the creation of a company called “Aggregate Therapeutics”. We argue that this initiative, in its current configuration, is likely to result in a breach of public trust owing to three inter-related concerns: conflicts of interest; corporate influence on the university research agenda; and the failure to provide some form of direct return for the public’s substantial tax dollar investment. These concerns are common to many efforts to commercialize academic science but are rendered particularly acute in this case given the therapeutic promise of stem cell research and the considerable number of resources related to stem cell research in Canada, which Aggregate Therapeutics is expected to pool. We do, however, believe that the company can be altered to guard against a violation of the public’s trust, and so we present concrete modifications to its structure, which we contend should be given immediate consideration. Matthew Herder is a candidate for the Master of the Science of Law (JSM) degree at Stanford University. Prior to undertaking his studies at Stanford, Matthew completed LLM and LLB degrees at Dalhousie University, clerked at the Federal Court of Canada and articled at McCarthy Tetrault LLP in Toronto, Ontario. Matthew is also a member of the Novel Tech Ethics research team at Dalhousie University. Jennifer Dyck Brian is a Ph.D. student in the Bioethics, Policy, and Law program at the Center for Biology & Society at Arizona State University. Previously, Jennifer worked as research assistant at the Consortium for Science, Policy, and Outcomes at ASU, Wellesley College, and with the Novel Tech Ethics research team at Dalhousie University. Jennifer completed her undergraduate degree at the University of Western Ontario.     

熟悉的陌生者

<正>“你太了解我们了!” 北京中国大饭店这间豪华的行政 套房里一阵欢笑。当Jim Schaper得 知笔者曾出任Symix公司中国区总 经理一职若干年后,突然觉得原来非 常严肃的话题居然是给一位“知情 者”介绍!房间里顿时没有了先前的 拘谨,而变得轻松起来。     

The Effect of Leader Positive Affectivity on Team Member Turnover Intention and Team Organizational Citizenship Behavior

This paper develops two models to investigate the effect of team leader positive affectivity (PA) on team member turnover intention and team organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), at the individual and team levels, respectively. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted involving a survey of 58 team leaders and 174 team members in a large Chinese telecom company across a three-month period. We found that team members’ organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) at Time 1 mediates the relationship between team leader PA at Time 1 and team member turnover intention at Time 2, whereas team aggregated OBSE at Time 1 mediates the relationship between leader PA at Time 1 and team OCB at Time 2.     

我国农村生育率与出生性别比关系探讨

回顾了我国生育率与出生性别比的变动趋势 ,论证了当生育率从 3.0下降到更替水平过程中 ,出生性别比的上升是不可避免的。我国 90年代出生性别比的异常偏高是客观事实 ,是产前性别选择的结果 ,也是农民不愿多生但想生儿子的生育意愿的反映 ,而农民想生儿子的主要目的是为了传宗接代。只有建立新型生育文化 ,削弱人们传宗接代和重男轻女的观念 ,才能实现低生育水平下的出生性别比正常化。     

Formal Human Resource Management Practices in Small Growing Firms*

Using data from micro, small, and medium firms in Australia, the paper exams changes with size toward more enunciated and prescribed practices; (2) the changes in HRM in small and medium‐sized firms begin early in the growth process and proceed at a faster rate than during the latter growth phase; and (3) the adoption of formal HRM practices at the managerial level lags behind that at the operational level at the smaller firm sizes.     

Impact of Leader Racial Attitude on Ratings of Causes and Solutions for an Employee of Color Shortage

Diversity scholars have emphasized the critical role of corporate leaders for ensuring the success of diversity strategic initiatives in organizations. This study reports on business school leaders’ attributions regarding the causes for and solutions to the low representation of U.S. faculty of color in business schools. Results indicatethat leaders with greater awareness of racial issues rated an inhospitable organizational culture as a more important cause and cultural change and recruitment as more important solutions to faculty of color under-representation than did less racially aware respondents. Aware leaders also rated individual minority-group member responsibility for performance a less important solution than did less racially aware respondents. Implications are discussed. E. Holly Buttner is Professor of Business Administration at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Greensboro, NC, USA. Her research interests include diversity in organizations, leadership assessment and entrepreneurship. She co-authored  Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. She teaches courses in Diversity in Organizations, Organizational Behavior, and in Leadership Assessment and Development at the undergraduate and MBA levels. She earned her Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Kevin B. Lowe is an Associate Professor of Business Administration at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Greensboro, NC, USA. His research interests include leadership, international human resource management and cross cultural management. He received his Ph.D. at Florida International University.     

Introducing experiment in pedestrian behaviour and risk perception study at urban level crossing

Given the high risk of severe accidents at level crossings (LCs), this study examined legal and illegal crossings by pedestrians and cyclists at a high-traffic LC in Zagreb, Croatia. Survey data and field observations were collected to identify reasons for risky behaviour. Behaviour was observed under normal conditions and in the presence of various safety measures in order to identify measures that can reduce risky behaviour. Results show that the presence of police officer at the LC was most effective at reducing illegal crossings, while the presence of cameras contributes significantly as well, especially after safety educational campaign when illegal crossing decreases for 59.23%. We can assume that in future the improvement regarding human behaviour on LC could be made with cameras on LC and more frequent educational campaigns. This is the first reported use of field survey and video surveillance methods to analyse user behaviour at LCs in Croatia.     

Difference in rural and urban driver-injury severities in highway–rail grade crossing accidents

Based on the Federal Railway Administration (FRA) database, there were 25,945 highway–rail crossing accidents in the United States between 2002 and 2011. With an extensive research, analysis results showed that there were substantial differences between rural and urban areas at highway–rail grade crossings. However, there is no published study specific on driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings classified by area types. Using an ordered probit modelling approach, the study explores the determinants of driver-injury severity at rural highway–rail grade crossings compared with urban highway–rail grade crossings. The analysis found that motor vehicle driver's injury level at rural highway–rail grade crossing is extremely higher than urban area. Compared to collisions at urban area, collisions happened at rural area tend to result in more severe injuries. These crashes were more prevalent if vehicle drivers are driving at a high speed or the oncoming trains are high-speed. Moreover, highway–rail grade crossing accidents were more likely to occur at rural area without pavement and lighting.     

Overview of Behavioural Economics Elements in the OECD Consumer Policy Toolkit

The note summarizes the history and contents of the OECD Consumer Policy Toolkit. It shows how the elements related to behavioural economics appear in the consumer policy of OECD countries as presented in the Toolkit. In particular, I look at the methods of detecting market malfunctioning and at the tools aimed at counteracting them.     

Countertrade: Forms,motives, pitfalls,and negotiation requisites

The impressive growth in countertrade necessitates a careful look at this trade financing mechanism and a new attitude by American policy makers and businessmen toward it. This study looks at the various forms of countertrade, at the motivating forces behind it, at the pitfalls that countertrade could engender, and at some imperatives in the negotiation of countertrade deals. The issues are examined from the perspective of a policy maker and that of a businessman. The two perspective are distinct but overlap sufficiently to merit a joint examination. It is the conclusion of this study that countertrade is here to stay, and that American businessmen better learn to cope with it if they are to maintain and improve their competitiveness in the world markets.     

低信噪比下突发通信的同步检测

针对低信噪比下突发通信系统的同步检测问题,提出了一种利用接收信号平均信噪比和瞬时信噪比设置动态检测门限的同步方法,实现了信号检测门限的设置与信号脉冲出现时刻噪声能量的自适应匹配,提高了低信噪比下同步检测概率。计算机仿真表明在同步序列长度为63时,信号的有效检测工作信噪比可以降低到-5 dB。该方法适合于低信噪比下运动平台间的突发通信系统。     

Concerns of college students regarding business ethics

Although some attention has been devoted to assessing the attitudes and concerns of businesspeople toward ethics, relatively little attention has focused on the attitudes and concerns of tomorrow's business leaders, today's college students. In this investigation a national sample was utilized to study college students' attitudes toward business ethics, with the results being analyzed by academic classification, academic major, and sex. Results of the investigation indicate that college students are currently somewhat concerned about business ethics in general, and that female students in particular are more concerned about ethical issues than are their male counterparts.Richard F. Beltramini is Assistant Professor of Marketing and Advertising in the Department of Marketing at the Arizona State University. He has published a number of articles in marketing and advertising journals and proceedings.Robert A. Peterson is Sam Barshop Professor of Marketing Administration and Senior Research Fellow at The University of Texas at Austin. He is at present Chairman in the Department of Marketing Administration. He was Fellow of the Southwestern Marketing Association and has published over 100 books and articles.George Kozmetsky is J.M. West Chair Professor at The University of Texas at Austin. He is at present Director of the Institute for Constructive Capitalism, The University of Texas, Austin and was formerly Dean, College and Graduate School of Business, The University of Texas, Austin.This research was supported in part by the Institute for Constructive Capitalism, The University of Texas at Austin. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute.     

Top executive compensation: Equity or excess? Implications for regaining American competitiveness

The debate over compensation packages for top executives is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the decoupling of CEO pay and organizational performance. A contrast is drawn between firms that are owner-controlled and those that are manager-controlled. Owner-controlled firms tend to be more market-driven. In manager-controlled firms, however, ownership can become diluted to the point where decisions may not always be in the best interest of shareholders. The process of determining CEO compensation packages is examined, and special attention is given to the handling of stock options. In order to stem the threat of increased government intervention, suggestions are made for increasing the leverage of compensation committees and of shareholders in general.Bruce Walters is a doctoral candidate and research/teaching assistant in the department of management at the University of Texas at Arlington, with emphasis in business policy and strategic management.Tim Hardin is a graduate student in the department of urban affairs at the University of Texas at Arlington, with emphasis in urban management.James Schick is a summa cum laude graduate of the department of finance at the University of Texas at Arlington.     

Global Insights Into Essential Elements Food Safety: The Chinese Example

This article brings together insights on the global challenges of achieving a safe food system. Through looking at examples of food safety initiatives, relevant success factors are identified and then distilled into five essential elements for developing a robust and safe food system. While much of the work in this area looks at government initiatives, this article looks particularly at industry-led initiatives. The article includes a brief look at the importance of food in Chinese culture and the current structure of the Chinese food chain. Specific initiatives from other markets are reviewed, and the five elements are outlined.     

Internationalization of MBA Program in Asia-Pacific

Abstract

With the global village becoming a reality, efforts at the internationalization of business education have ceased to be merely fashionable. The internationalization of business education has become an increasing relevant and important goal for business schools. Most of the efforts have been focused at the internationalization of MBA programs as this is the level of business education targeted at the training of middle management personnel, for whom the creation of a global mindset and the exposure to the international realm of business would have the most immediate effect. With the Asia-Pacific becoming a major arena of international trade and business in what has been called the Pacific century, the internationalization of MBA programs in Asia is of great interest as most of the efforts at internationalization of MBA programs have taken place in developed countries, with much of the literature being about the North America and European experience. Little is known about the MBA programs offered in Asia and their internationalization. This paper provides some insights on the internationalization efforts at the Nanyang Business School (NBS), Singapore. The experience at the NBS is unique because its efforts at internationalization have coincided with government policy initiatives in encouraging Singapore businesses to extend their operations into countries of the region. The paper provides some lessons from the experiences at regionalizing the MBA programs in China, India and the transitional economies of Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. Apart from the admission of international participants to its programs and the changes to its Business Study Missions, new initiatives have been introduced in the form of the MBA in International Business. The paper also explores other future initiatives for the internationalization of MBA programs in Asia-Pacific.