Does the new protectionsm really harm all trading countries?

The following article considers the effects triggered by exporting countries' reactions to the new protectionism. It demonstrates that if the analysis is broadened to take account of macro-economic interdependence the assessment of the trade interests, for instance, of “new” exporting countries such as the NICs must be revised     

Understanding the rise of global protectionism

The past three decades are generally regarded as a period of widespread liberalization and high growth within the world economy. On a wide range of measures, this era has seen the rapid globalization of business and the lifting from poverty of a large number of the world's poorest, particularly within large emerging markets such as China and India. While the undoubted benefits of globalization are widely recognized for raising economic growth rates and engaging a much larger number of nations in international business activity, globalization has always had its critics. The purpose of this article is to explore the recent rise in protectionism—what has been termed “global protectionism”— to examine how it differs from traditional forms of trade protectionism, and to offer some tentative assessment of its determinants. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Trump’s Trade Policy Agenda

President Donald Trump espouses “America First” positions which are commonly interpreted as protectionist. However, a closer reading of Donald Trump’s business interests, of his administration’s published trade agenda and of US trade negotiation history calls into question whether “America First” means protectionism. Trump will use large trade deficits to pressure trading partners to further open up their markets. Companies that are successful in exporting to the US market from those countries will be alarmed by protectionist announcements and will therefore most likely pressure their governments to give in to the demands of the Trump administration.     

全球贸易视角中的技术性贸易壁垒

在全球自由化的浪潮下 ,有人认为贸易保护主义将不会存在 ,而对技术性贸易壁垒也由于《技术性贸易壁垒协议》以及《卫生与植物检疫措施协议》的制定而认为壁垒将会走向终结。但是自国际贸易产生开始 ,贸易就成为一国经济的重要组成 ,与一国的利益紧密相关 ,只要国家间存在利益上的差异 ,保护主义就不会消失 ,而TBT、SPS协议的制定并未实际约束到非技术贸易壁垒 ,所以很有必要对此进行研究 ,把握今后贸易的发展 ,以便能制定合适的贸易政策 ,并积极参与全球贸易规则的制定。     

我国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易合作现状、存在问题和提升策略研究

“一带一路”倡议提出以来,我国与沿线国家贸易合作得到很大改善,但依然存在基础设施比较落后、贸易模式和贸易结构比较单一固化等问题。同时,考虑到当前全球贸易保护主义抬头、国际贸易规则加速重构、全球贸易投资环境日益严峻、全球经济增长动能减弱和中美贸易摩擦影响加剧等,应加强政府间沟通,构建健全的政策制度体系,加快基础设施建设,实现更高水平的互联互通,坚持以重点产业合作带动贸易合作,加快自贸区网络建设,争取早日开始“一带一路”自贸协定谈判,不断提升我国与沿线国家贸易合作水平。     

金融危机下如何应对和避免贸易保护主义

贸易保护主义由来已久,经济危机是贸易保护主义滋生的温床.这一科学论断在今天由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机的形势下再次得到了证明.金融危机蔓延全球,各国在自身利益的驱动下,纷纷实行各种形式的贸易保护主义,新一轮贸易保护主义再次抬头.在倡导贸易自由化的今天,贸易保护主义无论是对实行国家还是对受害国,都是有害无利的.针对贸易保护主义,我国一方面要坚决抵制贸易保护主义,另一方面企业和政府要积极回应,采取有力措施维护出口企业在国际市场中的贸易利益.     

世贸组织下的新贸易保护主义评析

新贸易保护主义是20世纪末国际贸易领域中出现的重要现象。非关税壁垒代替关税壁垒成为贸易保护的主要手段,这是西方贸易保护主义发展史上的一次重大转变。新贸易保护主义的产生、发展与贸易自由化有着直接或间接的关系,特别是在世贸组织体制下,贸易保护愈演愈烈,新贸易保护主义对自由贸易做了最有趣的修正。     

An Investigation of Ghana's Tourism Positioning

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of Ghana's tourism positioning and whether a literature-derived positioning framework can further elaborate the latter. Using the face-to-face long interviews among key policy makers, marketing managers and experts, and observation techniques, data were collected and analyzed via the inductive reasoning approach. The results show that Ghana's tourism positioning aim is built around perceptions of a “com petitive middle class tourist destination,” i.e., “profit and status” through the pursuit of “functional” positioning objective. Positioning strategies including “service”, “value for money”, “culture”, “selectivity”, “attractiveness”, “reliability”, “manpower development”, “quality controls” and “ecology” are pursued in order to achieve the aim and objectives. The latter are managed/positioned in the “primal” positioning life cycle stage. Conclusions, managerial implications, future research directions and limitations are noted.     

China's National Champions: The Evolution of a National Industrial Policy—Or a New Era of Economic Protectionism?

In this article we ask a series of related research questions concerning China's recent industrial policies, particularly the 10th and 11th five‐year economic policy plans. Our questions go to the nature of China's long‐term competitiveness of its national champions, and to what extent Chinese government policies are evolving to domestic protectionism that adversely affects foreign invested enterprises' (FIEs) competitive position in the Chinese economy. We thus evaluate the nature of the five‐year economic policy plans, their adverse impact on FIEs operating in China, and the rise of designated Chinese national champions (in the 11th five‐year economic policy plan) to compete with major FIEs on a global scale. However, we suggest that the role of the Chinese government's recent industrial policy, when compared to Michael Porter's “Diamond of National Competitive Advantage” recommended government policy approaches, may not augur well in the long‐term for China's national champions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

贸易保护主义对WTO的挑战及其应对

金融危机下贸易保护主义的泛滥不断冲击着以贸易自由化为目标的多边贸易体制。从WTO成员方在经济危机期间的表现,我们既看到了对承诺的背离、对原则的抛弃和对规则的滥用,也看到了对自由贸易的坚持和对贸易保护主义的纠正。本文试图以此次经济危机为背景来审视WTO规则及其实施机制,对贸易保护和贸易保护主义进行法律区分界定,考察贸易保护主义在WTO法实施过程中的具体体现,探寻WTO规则在经济艰难时期抗击贸易保护主义中存在的问题,研究应对贸易保护主义的法律路径。     

人民币“货币锚”地位及其影响因素探究——基于“一带一路”沿线国家的实证分析

本文将Frankel和Wei(1994,2007)提出的经典"货币锚"模型扩展为时变参数状态空间模型,从影响范围与影响力层面对人民币在"一带一路"沿线区域"货币锚"的地位进行分析,并基于时变参数状态空间模型的结果测度影响人民币发挥"货币锚"作用的因素。研究结果表明:人民币在"一带一路"合作区域的"货币锚"地位显著提升,但存在明显的地区差异,在东南亚、南亚和独联体的影响较大,在西亚、中东欧和中亚地区的影响较弱;影响人民币发挥"货币锚"作用的因素主要包括政治稳定性差异、贸易网络外部性、实际GDP和所在国的通货膨胀史,其中贸易网络外部性对人民币"货币锚"地位有显著的促进作用,经济规模的促进作用较小,而所在国的通货膨胀史抑制了人民币发挥"货币锚"的作用。我国应积极推进掌握大宗商品计价权、巩固与主要贸易伙伴的合作关系、推动汇率制度市场化改革,以此提升人民币"货币锚"地位,夯实人民币国际化基础。     

Who Benefits from Trade Wars?

Even though economists keep on emphasising the benefits of international trade, protectionism is on the rise in many industrialised countries. The authors argue that a potential explanation for this phenomenon can be found in the short-run distributional effects of import tariffs: while protectionism hurts the economy from an aggregate perspective (i.e. GDP goes down), unskilled workers in import-competing sectors benefit in the short run and do not lose in the long run. They might therefore lend political support to protectionism.     

Consumer recycling goals and their effect on decisions to recycle: A means-end chain analysis

Means-end chain theory and the laddering methodology were used to derive the goals relevant to consumers for recycling, as well as the interrelations among goals. The importance of the goals and their hierarchical structure were also tested, and their effects on attitudes, subjective norms, and past behavior determined. Data were collected on 133 consumers in a moderate-size metropolitan community by use of a random digit dialing procedure. The overall framework emerging from the analyses is one where concrete goals lead to more abstract goals, and attitudes and past behavior intervene between goals and intentions in decision making. Nineteen total goals were uncovered, with 15 ultimately found to be salient. The topmost goals in the hierarchy were “promote health/avoid sickness,” “achieve life-sustaining ends,” and “provide for future generations.” The key lower-order goals—“avoid filling up landfills,” “reduce waste,” “reuse materials,” and “save the environment”—work through such intermediary goals as “reduce messy trash,” “curtail pollution,” “save resources,” and “save the planet.” Two important terminal goals that were also at intermediate levels in the hierarchy were “save/earn money” and “it's the right thing to do.” © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Business Ethics as Field of Teaching,Training and Research in Sub-Saharan Africa

The notion of “responsibility” can be understood in a number of different ways, namely as being accountable for one’s actions, as a personal trait, or as a task or duty that results from one’s role. In this article we will challenge the assumptions that underpin each of these employments of the word “responsibility” and seek to redefine the concept as such. The main thrust of the argument is that we need to critically interrogate the idea of “identity” and deliberate decision-making that inform the use of all three of these notions of “responsibility”. By drawing on selected concepts emanating from the oeuvre of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, our understanding of agency moves away from “identity” towards “multiplicity”. In fact, it will be argued that our sense of “agency” is a side-product of our own desiring-production as it operates in and through our interactions with other human beings and organizational structures. The article therefore contends that “responsible management” requires ongoing re-articulations of moral responsiveness.     

Saving,Selling, Earning,and Negotiating: How Adolescents Acquire Monetary Lump Sums and Who Considers Saving

This study examines the importance of saving during adolescence as one way of obtaining larger sums of money, and investigates differences between adolescents who choose to save and those who do not. To this end, the strategies “saving,” “negotiating,” “selling,” and “earning” are taken into account in designing a questionnaire. Two measures of saving behaviors are used: “general tendency to save” and “saving by adjusting expenditure” when faced with an income constraint. The sample consists of 470 British school students from age 11 to 18. Results show that up to age 15, the strategies “saving” and “negotiating” are equally important and more important than “selling” or “earning.” When 15 or older, adolescents prefer “saving” above “negotiating.” Regression analyses reveal that adolescents who favor “saving” when confronted with a short‐term income constraint report a general tendency to save. Findings demonstrate the importance of developing positive financial habits early in life.     

The democratic method of obtaining capital—culture,governmentality and ethics of mass investment

The past thirty years have witnessed a range of complex changes in global and national political–economic landscapes. One of the most dramatic aspects of these changes is the “globalization” of finance capital. “Finance” is often said to be at the center of a new and globalizing set of financial spaces in which “everyday” actors are increasingly asked to participate. However, these developments are often depicted in the critical literature in epochal terms as political–economic configurations arising out of macro‐structural episodes of change. In contrast to these approaches, this paper argues for a “cultural economy” for finance as a way of both situating recent developments in a more specific and historically subtle manner and underscoring the ways in which “finance” is lived and constituted at a “minor” or everyday level. By assessing the advertising initiatives of three campaigns of “mass investment” from earlier moments of the twentieth century, this paper foregrounds some of the contexts out of and against which neo‐liberal modes of globalized finance arise, concluding that more historically‐situated accounts could lead to more contingent, and hence, contestable analyses of “global finance”.     

论儒家“五常”文化与时俱进的时代特质

文章论述了儒家“五常”文化在中国古代、社会主义市场经济条件下及“一带一路”背景下的内涵发展演变轨迹,将儒家“五常”文化与“一带一路”国际合作相结合,老树着新花。阐释了“五常”文化与时俱进的时代特质,对“五常”文化用世界级的眼光进行审视,在“一带一路”建设的大背景下赋予了“五常”文化合理的时代内涵。