克林顿政府对外贸易政策趋向初探

<正> 克林顿就任美国总统以后,在制定重振美国经济国内政策的同时,也对美国新政府的对外贸易政策发表了一些谈话。目前虽然尚无系统的对外贸易政策出台,但通过其外贸政策的决策环境、克林顿的经济思想和他上台后在对外贸易上     

论美国多轨制对外贸易政策的形成与经济效应

20世纪70年代初,经济实力相对衰弱迫使美国对外贸易政策更加务实,构成了美国实行多轨制对外贸易政策的主要原因。实行多轨制对外贸易政策以来,美国经济结构进一步软化和其他国家的贸易摩擦进一步增加。多轨制对外贸易政策的实质是全面的贸易保护,其目的在于保护本国弱势部门,发展本国强势部门,是一种以绝对优势作为制定对外贸易政策基础的贸易管理方式。     

美国对外贸易政策的演进及对我国贸易政策制定的启示

本文分析了美国对外贸易的重要作用和对外贸易的发展情况，研究了美国对外贸易政策的演进过程，并从中得到如下启示：对外贸易政策必须根据国际和国内经济形势适时转变；顺应国际贸易制度发展需要，增强我国贸易政策的法律化；在致力于多边经济合作的同时，我国应加强区域和双边经济合作。     

20世纪80年代以来美国对外经济政策的五大变化

本文认为,80年代以来美国对外经济政策发生了五大变化:美国积极支持多边贸易体制但热情正在减退;美国对外贸易政策转向区域或双边优惠贸易安排;美国汇率政策从无为到向其他国家施压的转变;为满足国内利益集团需要美国高举公平贸易大旗;美国对外国直接投资进入美国持谨慎的怀疑态度。但这五大变化中有不变的因子,这不变的因子就是以自由贸易为核心的经济自由化。自由贸易给美国带来了繁荣和生活水平的提高,所以,贸易自由化既是美国对外贸易的基本理念,也是美国对外贸易政策的主流。     

美国对外贸易政策的重大调整

美国总统里根上台伊始,就着手对美国政府的经济政策进行战后以来最重大的调整。首先是以供应学派的主张为指导原则,提出了以减税和削减政府开支为主要内容的复兴美国经济的一揽子计划。随着经济政策调整的深入进行,必然涉及作为整个经济政策重要组成部分的对外贸易政策。当前,美国政府在加紧进行国内经济政策调整的同时,也加快了对外贸易政策调整的步伐。     

山东对外贸易产业升级的新路径研究分析——借鉴欧美国家对外贸易发展政策新特点

欧美国家实行的"再工业化"政策,旨在发展具有高附加值的产业,实现美国国内实体经济的复苏。此政策将影响我国制造业总体发展战略,我们必须意识到产业只有转型升级,才能在未来的世界竞争中占有一席之地。欧美国家的再工业化的发展策略会渗透在对外贸易发展政策上,所以文章通过研究山东主要贸易对象欧美国家对外贸易政策的新特点,试图寻找山东对外贸易转型升级的有效路径。     

新贸易保护主义的发展态势与中国对外贸易对策

自2008年全球金融危机后,发达国家出于保护国内商品竞争力及国民就业等因素,开始实行不同于传统贸易保护主义的新贸易保护主义。这种贸易政策不仅破坏了世界经济的平衡,同时对中国开放式的对外贸易造成了严重阻碍。尤其是美国总统特朗普上台后实行的一系列无论是退出TPP还是宣称要对中国所有出口美国的商品征收45%的关税贸易保护政策,对中国对外经济和全球贸易自由化造成了严重影响。本文将通过分析以美国特朗普政府新贸易保护政策为主的新贸易保护主义对中国对外贸易的影响,寻求中国对外经济的新思路,为中国在严峻的世界经济环境中开展对外贸易提出合理对策,为中国乃至世界自由贸易发展助力。     

中小企业对美贸易与金融政策改革研究

改革开放以来,我国对外贸易取得长足发展。中美贸易是我国对外贸易的重要组成部分,在我国对外贸易中起着举足轻重的作用。最近几年,由于世界经济复苏的缓慢特别是美国经济的低迷不振,中国对外贸易出口正面临重重困难。因此,本文拟从金融政策的改革和创新角度,探讨我国中小企业扩大对美出口的途经,分析提升其竞争力和规避     

美国对外贸易政策变迁轨迹研究(1776-1940)

本文主要是研究美国对外贸易政策变迁轨迹(1776-1940),包括美国对外贸易政策的背景、从1776-1940年的美国对外贸易政策、美国对外贸易政策对工业和农业的影响。     

国际政治经济视角下美国对外贸易政策的分析

美国是当今世界贸易大国,它的对外贸易政策对我国经济发展有举足轻重的影响。深刻理解美国对外贸易政策有着重要意义。本文从美国的全球战略、政治因素和国际政治经济因素三个角度分析了美国对外贸易政策的本质,从而得出结论,美国对外贸易政策的目的是实现美国的国家利益。     

刍议国际贸易中的贸易报复

20世纪 90年代后,随着经济全球化的发展,国际贸易领域中的争端和冲突日益增多,许多国家为了维护自己的经济利益,开始越来越多地采取贸易报复。目前,贸易报复已成为制约国际贸易发展的重要障碍之一,而要减少各国之间的贸易报复,首先需要真正地认识贸易报复。     

国际贸易理论的演进逻辑:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果

国际贸易理论历经古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论和新新贸易理论五个阶段,主要回答三个基本问题:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果。依据不同的假设,贸易理论对影响贸易的边界条件的解释各不相同,对贸易动因解释也不相同;贸易结构从行业间贸易、行业内贸易发展为企业间贸易,国际贸易正在向全球化下的企业分工演变;贸易结果是国际贸易得以持续展开的效果,生产力提升是最终的结果。基于三个基本问题,比较各种国际贸易理论,揭示各种国际贸易理论的局限性,并做出评价。     

贸易自由化与中性贸易体制

贸易体制中性化是贸易自由化的内在要求，但是，中性化并不等于自由化，贸易自由化必须包括贸易体制中性化和减少贸易干预两个方面。贸易自由化的实质是建立有效的市场经济机制，减少对贸易的行政干预是贸易自由化成功与否的关键所在。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement: Evaluating Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects

The present study attempts to provide insight into the trade creation and trade diversion effects of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in goods, which came into force in 2010. The paper applies a theoretically consistent gravity model and uses empirically robust procedures such as ordinary least squares and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood in order to analyze the ex post effects of the agreement at an aggregate level. The results reveal that standard gravity variables are statistically significant and report expected signs, yet a reduction in export flows has been observed following the implementation of the free trade agreement, giving rise to pure trade diversion effects.     

Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?

In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries.     

客户做什么生意，我们就做什么生意

要帮助客户做生意，自己应该成为一个合格的生意人，这样才能引起客户的共鸣和重视，赢得客户的尊重。[编者按]     

Do Trade Agreements Stimulate International Trade Differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements

In a seminal article, Rose (2004) found that the assumed positive impact of the WTO on international trade was questionable. This finding has been scrutinised and modified in subsequent research, using different data sets, econometric methods and separating the WTO from other forms of trade agreements. A key characteristic of the subsequent literature is the rather simplistic way in which trade agreements are treated whereby all trade agreements are lumped together. Trade agreements come, however, in many different forms and shapes. This study addresses these differences in trade agreements. Using a unique database of 296 trade agreements, we distinguish 17 trade‐related policy domains and indicate whether the agreements contain legally enforceable commitments. This extensive and novel taxonomy of trade agreements enables us to allow for the possible heterogeneity of the impact of trade agreements on international trade. Using a gravity model, we find that trade agreement heterogeneity indeed matters for international trade and that countries experience significant trade increases due to comprehensive trade agreements even if not all participants are in the WTO.     

Growth and Trade vs. Trade and Growth

In the traditional trade literature, there is a well-developed area analyzing the effect of growth on trade and its reflection on income growth. This literature developed already in the 1950s and 1960s. Generally speaking, an interest in the effects of trade on growth has also existed for many years, where trade has often been viewed as an engine of growth. Cases in point are the "East Asian Tigers" and Japan which have especially benefited from outward-looking policies. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between economic growth and growth in income terms of trade, arguing that income terms of trade is a useful concept in analyses of the link between trade and growth. Our results suggest that fast-growing countries have either specialized in sectors with a relatively favorable development with regard to world market prices, or they have managed to successively improve quality within sectors, thereby avoiding falling terms of trade in spite of large increases in export volumes.