世界银行的环境政策及其对环境法发展的启示——搭建环保与扶贫的桥梁

"先脱贫,再解决环境问题"抑或"先保护环境,再解决贫困问题"都是徒劳无功的假命题。如何搭建环境保护与扶贫之间的桥梁,关系到环境保护目的的真正实现,是民生法治观指导下环境法的发展方向。以消除世界贫困为终极目标的世界银行在扶贫实践的过程中意识到扶贫与环境保护的高度关联性以及环境政策及其实施对减缓贫困的积极作用,逐步将"环境保护"纳入其主流工作并实现了双赢。世界银行的环境政策为环境法的发展提供了有益的启示,包括坚持"以人为本"的可持续发展观、开拓环境法的益贫功能以及设立重在"赋权"的制度体系等等,实现环保与扶贫之间的良性互助。     

环境保护工作的公共财政政策的难题与对策

我国的环境问题日益严重,而公共财政政策在环境保护工作上的作用已经越来越受到重视,但是因为我国的市场经济发展不够完善,环境保护公共财政政策还需要完善,本文试从我国的环境保护公共财政政策的不足进行分析,提出了一些完善的建议;     

政策环境评价的国际经验与借鉴

政策环境评价是将关键的环境考量融入到政策制定和实施的全过程中,促使其符合可持续发展的要求。文章总结并分析了加拿大、英国、欧盟委员会和世界银行的政策环境评价经验和典型案例,结合我国国情,提出了推动我国政策环境评价开展的制度设计、程序方法和近期任务等方面的建议。     

环境收费：逐渐趋于成熟

我国对环境收费的探索始于20世纪70年代末,经过30年的发展,环境收费政策业已成为加强环境保护、促进污染防治的重要环境经济政策,在我国环境保护中发挥了、并正在继续发挥重要作用,目前的环境收费政策主要有排污收费、矿产资源补偿费、生活垃圾收费等。     

我国与世界银行的合作:成就、问题与对策

我国与世界银行的合作在贷款立项、项目选择、国内配套资金及管理人员素质等方面存在一些问题。文章针对这些问题提出了若干政策建议，并对我国与世行的合作前景作了预测。     

我国环境管制政策的演进特点及中外政策对比

中共十八大报告明确提出要加强生态文明制度建设,完善环境保护制度,而明确当前国内环境管制政策的基本特征以及国际差距是制定更加科学有效政策措施的基本前提。该文首先从阶段性特征、理论基础、民主化、国际化、表现形式、政策内容和实施机制等7大方面总结了我国环境管制政策的发展特点;接下去从环境管制政策的制定、内容、手段、执行、监督、组织管理和宣传教育等方面剖析了中外环境管制政策的差异,提出了我国环境管制政策的改革方向,为促进我国环境保护工作更上新台阶提供了决策参考。     

专家:环保应实现"四化"

我国近年来在环境保护政策方面作了许多努力，投入资金也是前所未有，但环境形势依然严峻。国家信息中心高级工程师陈明星就此建议：我国的环境保护政策，应努力实现目标绿地化、方法产业化、准则国际化和保障法制化的“四化”。     

关于我国环境保护税收的思考

环境问题是人类在社会发展中面临的重要问题。本文通过介绍我国现时环境保护税收的政策，分析现时环境保护税收政策的局限性，说明我国开征环境保护税的重要意义，详细阐述了如何将“环境保护费”改为“环境保护税”，开征单一环境保护税的课税对象、纳税人、计税依据和税率及环境保护税的征收管理。     

促进环境保护的税收政策评析

当前,我国资源破坏和环境污染问题相当严重。要实现跨世纪环保政策目标和可持续发展战略,必须依靠税收这一有效的经济手段。通过进一步完善我国环境保护税收制度,促进资源的节约高效利用和生态环境保护。 一、我国现行的财税政策在保护生态环境方面存在的问题 1、现行税种中有关环境保护的规定对环境保护的调节力度不够。在资源税方面,我国资源税设置于1984年,1994年税制改革时,征收范围为原油、天然气、煤炭、其他     

我国电力行业环境经济政策的现状与展望

目前,我国出台的电力行业环境经济政策主要有环保电价补贴政策、排污收费制度和环境保护税、税收优惠政策、产业政策以及排污权交易和碳排放权交易。近年来,环境经济政策在推动电力行业污染减排和促进行业结构优化升级方面取得了很大成效。但从实际情况来看,电力行业环境经济政策在制订与实施中仍存在不够完善之处。为探讨环境经济政策如何进一步促进电力行业的环境保护和绿色发展,文章梳理了我国电力行业环境经济政策现状,针对当前所面临的问题和需要破解的挑战,从环保综合电价、环境保护税、产业政策和全面达标排放四个方面,提出完善电力行业环境经济政策的建议。     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.