饲料级硫酸铜生产新工艺的研究

介绍了以黑、赤铜矿石为原料 ,采用湿法生产饲料级硫酸铜的新工艺。经过正交试验确定的优化工艺条件为 :n(Cu)∶ n(NH4 HCO3 )∶ n(NH3 ) =1∶ 1 .1∶ 1 .3 (mol) ;m(净化剂 )∶ m(杂质 ) =1∶ 2 ;反应时间为 3 h;产物收率为 96 % ,产品质量达到 GB82 49-87饲料级标准     

3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮的合成研究

以雄烯二酮为原料,经3,17位亚乙二氧基化,7位烯丙位氧化合成了目标化合物3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮,总收率为45.2%。目标化合物和中间体的结构经IR,1 H NMR和MS确证。3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮烯丙位氧化的最佳合成条件如下:n(PDC)∶n(t-BuOOH)∶n(3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-雄烯二酮)=4∶4∶1,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为5h。此合成方法反应原料易得,反应条件温和且产率高。     

VC聚磷酸酯的合成

为了制备不同效价的VC聚磷酸酯,对VC与三偏磷酸钠在水介质中反应制备效价为40%的VC聚磷酸酯的工艺进行了研究,在小试及放大试验的基础上,进行了工业性试生产。当n(VC)∶n(三偏磷酸钠)为1∶1.1,w(催化剂)为10%、溶液pH值为9时,VC聚磷酸酯的效价高于40%,收率为73.8%。     

酸性离子液体[Emim]HSO4催化合成丁二酸二乙酯

采用两步法合成并表征了酸性离子液体[Emim]HSO4,并用于催化合成丁二酸二乙酯,考察了醇酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量对酯收率的影响。其最佳工艺条件如下:n(乙醇)∶n(丁二酸)=3∶1、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为4h、催化剂用量为总质量的5%。在此最佳反应条件下酯收率可达75.02%。考察了酸性离子液体重复使用性能,离子液体重复使用7次后,催化活性基本不变。     

醋酸纤维素／聚己内酯接枝共聚物的合成

醋酸纤维素(CA)是纤维素衍生物之一，在工业上广泛应用。采用聚己内酯和CA接枝改性来改变目前以纤维素材料为基质的生物降解材料很少的状况。     

活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸催化合成三醋酸甘油酯工艺条件研究

以丙三醇、冰醋酸为原料,活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,催化合成三醋酸甘油酯。考察了催化剂中w(对甲苯磺酸)、催化剂用量、醇酸比、酯化时间等因素对反应的影响。发现上述因素均对三醋酸甘油酯的收率有显著影响,且都存在较优值。催化剂在该反应中有良好的催化活性。优选的反应条件是:催化剂中w(对甲苯磺酸)为36%,w(催化剂)为1.8%,n(丙三醇)∶n(冰醋酸)=1∶4,酯化时间为4 h。在此条件下,三醋酸甘油酯收率可达92%。     

低游离甲醛双氰胺甲醛缩聚物絮凝脱色剂的制备

为了提高对废水的脱色效率,以双氰胺、甲醛和氯化铵为主要原料合成了水溶性阳离子絮凝脱色剂,考察了投料比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对絮凝脱色剂脱色效果的影响,优选了絮凝脱色剂合成的工艺条件。结果表明,双氰胺、甲醛和氯化铵物质的量比为1∶2.1∶0.9,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2.5h,pH值为10,脱色剂用量为1.0%时所得絮凝脱色剂的脱色效果最佳。通过实验还探讨了絮凝脱色剂中游离甲醛的去除机理及最优去除方案。结果表明,先加入n(双氰胺)∶n(甲醇)=1∶2.8,再加入n(双氰胺)∶n(尿素)=1∶0.04,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为4h,可使游离甲醛含量降到0.124%,最终合成低游离甲醛、高脱色率的絮凝脱色剂。     

三氟乙酸乙酯的合成工艺优化

三氟乙酸乙酯是合成有机氟化物常用的原料之一，可合成各种含氟农药、医药及其他含氟精细化学品。制备了绿色功能离子液体1-甲基-(3-磺酸基丙基)咪唑硫酸盐[MIM-PS][HSO₄]和1-甲基-(3-磺酸基丙基)咪唑对甲苯磺酸盐[MIM-PS][pTSA]作为备选催化剂，以三氟乙酸(TFA)、无水乙醇(AE)为原料，合成三氟乙酸乙酯。考察了催化剂选择、物料比例、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等工艺条件，以及离子液体的重复利用情况。结果表明：当投料质量比例为：m(TFA)∶m(AE)∶m([MIM-PS][HSO₄])=5.7∶3.3∶0.4，反应温度为45℃，反应1.5h，产品收率可达98.3%，离子液体催化剂重复利用4次后活性没有明显降低。     

混合锌源法制备甘氨酸锌新工艺研究

为提高甘氨酸锌生产的综合转化率,提出了一条混合锌源法合成甘氨酸锌的新工艺。该工艺首次反应以乙酸锌、氧化锌、甘氨酸为原料,在水相中进行反应合成,混合液经反应、冷却、结晶、过滤,滤液作为二次反应的母液,固体晾干后即为产品甘氨酸锌。根据产品的量向母液中补加对应量的甘氨酸和氧化锌继续反应,将反应液循环利用。当甘氨酸与锌源的物质的量比为2∶1时,首次反应的适宜操作条件如下:n(氧化锌)∶n(乙酸锌)=5∶1,m(水)∶m(甘氨酸)为3∶1,反应时间为2.0h,反应温度为90℃,首次收率为55.39%。母液循环使用4次后,收率仍能接近100%,且不影响产品品质。各种检测分析表明,此工艺合成的甘氨酸锌符合国家标准。     

谈标准气组分含量的表达

标准气又称气体标准物质,用于保证气体分析结果的可靠。对于其中各种不同组分,如H_2,He,O_2,N_2以及CH_4,C_2H_6等,在标准气中的含量,应该用摩尔分数x(B)或y(B)给出。其定义为:B的物质的量n(B)与标准气体(混合物)的物质的量n(B_1,D_2,……B_i)之比,即: x(B)=n(B)/∑ni 式中ni为第i种物质的物质的量。∑ni即所有各组分的物质的量之和。x(B)是个无量纲量,其SI单位为1,一般常用％表示或用10~(-3),10~(-6)表示,但     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.