Share,price and category expenditure—geographic market effects and private labels

Focusing on the interaction between national brands and private labels, this paper has two main empirical contributions: (i) a simultaneous system of demand (share), price and expenditure equations is estimated, and (ii) differences in the structure of the local geographic market are incorporated into the analysis. The former represents an important step in understanding the complete nature of private label and national brand interaction, while the latter is important for understanding the impact of the local retail environment on market behaviour. IRI scanner data from 1991 and 1992 are used to estimate a five‐equation system across 135 food product categories and 59 geographic markets. The results suggest that concentration at both the manufacturer and retailer level can significantly affect private label and national brand price. However, while increased retailer concentration is associated with higher national brand and private label prices, higher manufacturer concentration is associated with higher national brand but lower private label prices. Increases in national brand advertising has the effect of raising national brand price and share, but lowering private label price and share. This is consistent with previous research and suggests that advertising and local market conditions play a significant role in the ability of national brands to price at a premium over private labels. Finally, marketing decision variables, such as display activity and private label distribution, can have an important impact on total category expenditure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于福建民营企业营销现状与创新研究

福建民营企业经历了将近20年的发展,取得了飞跃式的进步,形成了一大批知名度和认知度较高的品牌。随着市场经济的发展,市场环境的变化对旧有的营销模式提出了极大的挑战,环境的剧变要求企业在营销活动中能够不断地引入新思维、新理念、新举措,以适应市场的发展。文章分析了福建民营企业传统营销模式存在的弊病,并对福建民营企业的营销创新提出了几点建议。     

Effectiveness of cause‐related marketing for differential positioning of market entrant in developing market: An exploratory study in Indian context

Cause‐related marketing is being increasingly used for forging strong relation between the brand and the customer. It is primarily being used by the well‐established brands to further strengthen their position in the market as it leads to a positive image of the brand, and customers are more receptive towards such brands because they tend to provide them with tangible as well as intangible benefits. This study tends to identify the effectiveness of cause‐related marketing as a marketing tool for newly launched products in developing market of India, which has so far remained a less explored area. A sample of 150 consumers was taken, and case studies were undertaken for validating these findings. The findings suggest that cause‐related marketing campaigns, even at early stages of brand development, can lead to customer trial and differential positioning thus providing these new entrants with an opportunity to interact with the customers. The proposed framework can provide useful insights to brand managers to design cause‐related marketing campaigns for newly launched brands. The results and findings have been deduced from real‐time market research, and it can help in furthering research in the field of cause‐related marketing in India and other developing economies with similar market conditions.     

地方政府培育企业自主品牌的机理研究

本文首先基于价值链理论将企业自主品牌运营能力的层级结构分解为研发能力、生产制造能力以及市场营销能力。然后,结合转型时期的政府职能定位,探讨了地方政府培育企业自主品牌的内在机理,以期为地方政府培育辖区自主品牌提供理路支撑。     

The Reality of Brands:

A bstract he ontology of marketing, particularly the question of what products and brands are, is still largely unexplored. The ontological status of brands hinges on their relationship with products. Idealists about brands see perceptual or cognitive acts of consumers grouped under the heading brand awarencess' or 'brand image' as constitutive for the existence of brands so that, in their view, tools of the marketing mix can influence relevant mental dispositions and attitudes. Brand realists, on the other hand reject the view of brands as mere marks or names and interpret them as emergent products with properties that afford branding in the sense of Gibson's ecological psychology. Brand strength is a function of the degree to which brands occupy defensible niches in product space. Branding as a process involves changing external or internal boundaries of products. Several arguments are proposed in favor of brand realism. The fragments of an ontology of marketing are developed in a broadly Aristotelian framework. Brand realism has significant implications for a new understanding of issues ranging from the effects of advertising to financial brand valuation, the nature of trademarks, and marketing strategy in general. It permits one to treat brand equity as a real phenomenon not dependent on associations, attitudinal states such as brand loyalty, or spurious constructs such as brand character or personality.     

中国品牌的国际化之路

本文通过对国际知名品牌的建立过程和中国国有品牌现状的分析 ,总结出了国际名牌的建立模式 ,并就中国品牌如何走向国际化的问题提出了切合当今实际情况的看法。文章特别阐述了在进行品牌国际化建设中如何制订市场营销策略的问题。     

海尔集团的营销渠道剖析

本文主要对海尔集团的营销渠道进行剖析。全文共分成三个部分,第一个部分主要介绍海尔集团的4个战略管理阶段。第二个部分主要分析海尔集团的营销渠道的现状。第三个部分重点分析海尔集团的伙伴关系型营销渠道。通过本文的介绍,要了解作为我国知名的世界品牌-海尔如何通过建立有效的营销渠道来在竞争激烈的市场上获胜。     

The impact of corporate social responsibility associations on trust in organic products marketed by mainstream retailers: a study of Italian consumers

This paper investigates the determinants of consumer attitudes toward organic products marketed by mainstream retailers under a private label. Since organic products are credence goods, consumers cannot directly verify whether these products comply with official standards. Organic labels are the primary source of consumer trust in organics, but these labels must be noticed and understood before consumers will actively seek them out. In that some consumers may not prioritize product labels when they shop, it is sometimes up to retailers to strengthen consumer trust. Within the antecedents of this trust, we isolated the contribution of the corporate social responsibility associations held by consumers about retailers. We surveyed Italian customers interested in organics and found that they are more likely to trust the private‐label organic products sold by a retailer when it is considered socially responsible. Our results also show that consumer trust translates into brand loyalty and a willingness to pay a premium price for organic products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The influence of cause marketing associations on product and cause brand value

• The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to add to our understanding of the added value, both monetary and non‐monetary, to a brand when supporting a cause in a cause marketing ad. The findings show that consumers do not perceive the brand to be worth more if it was shown to be supporting a cause. The study also failed to show a significant improvement in consumer brand attitudes for brands featured in cause marketing ads. However, there was an attitude improvement for the cause. Product type and consumer dispositional variables were also examined.
• In summary, this study calls into question the value brands derive from being paired with a cause. This study discusses productive areas of future research and managerial implications.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marketing for change - Giving brands a soul

Is it possible to avoid becoming flavour of the month and then being dismissed by bored consumers as a marketing gimmick? Saatchi & Saatchi Cause Connection offers a different twist: corporates should be taking the long view and lending substance and ‘soul’ to their brands by effective thought-through charity link-ups. Cause-related marketing or CRM, as it is known, has been familiar to American consumers for a number of years, whereas it has only really become topical in Britain since 1996. In some cases this might mean taking on an issue, but in Britain, where the voluntary/charity sector has a long tradition of delivering services, promoting awareness and is highly professional, there is a real role for advertising to play in communicating social responsibility in conjunction with a charity. This paper provides a potted history of the anti-racist and anti-nuclear campaigns, challenges the current emphasis on ‘discretion’ in corporate giving and outlines a simple checklist for undertaking a relationship.     

Estimating farmers’ productive and marketing inefficiency: an application to vegetable producers in Benin

This paper estimates the technical and marketing inefficiency of a sample of urban vegetable producers in Benin. Marketing inefficiency is defined as the failure of farmers to achieve better marketing output and is reflected in lower output price indices. The study proposes a Russell-type measure of inefficiency using a directional distance function that accounts simultaneously for the expansion of outputs and price indices and the contraction of variable inputs. A truncated bootstrap regression is used in the second stage to consistently analyze factors that underlie differences in inefficiency. The first-stage results suggest that vegetable producers are more inefficient with respect to marketing than production. The second-stage results indicate that technical inefficiency is affected by the production environment and private extension services. Marketing inefficiency is affected by the type of marketing arrangements.     

考虑决策时间顺序的自有品牌渠道策略研究

研究在零售商引入自有品牌的条件下,供应链渠道各成员的定价和广告决策问题。运用Stackelberg博弈模型分析不同的广告和定价决策顺序下,供应链最优决策组合以及决策顺序的改变对利润的影响。研究结果表明:在引入自有品牌的条件下,制造商对定价和广告决策顺序的改变会影响零售商引入自有品牌后的利润,尤其是当交叉弹性较高时,制造商在引入自有品牌前后改变决策顺序可以实现制造商和零售商利润的增加。     

Positively negative: the impact of negativity upon the political consumer

• For years there has been an ongoing debate as to the role and impact that ‘marketing’ has had on politics. Yet, it is the case that many of the concepts associated with the field of marketing have real relevance and have, in fact, been employed within the field of political campaigning for many decades. This is an empirical paper that focuses upon the concept of political brands and the impact that current trends in campaign strategy, and in particular the growth and continued use of negative campaigning, have upon them. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, the implications associated with such activity are examined and, in particular, its effect upon the consumer/brand relationship.
• Within the consideration of the results, it becomes clear that political brands' use of negative campaigning is somewhat shortsighted; offering short‐term gains but at the cost of long‐term damage not only to their brand image but also to the wider democratic system as it stands. In a search for political ‘brands’ that more effectively meet their needs, there appears a tendency for political consumers to now look outside of the conventional political sector. The emergent concept of the ‘negative brand’ is explored together with the implications for political consumers, political brands and the wider field of conventional party politics.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于消费者怀旧的中华老字号品牌营销

已有研究表明消费者怀旧与消费者细分、品牌复兴和广告策略具有密切的联系,中华老字号由于具有深厚的品牌文化、持续性的经营理念和丰富的品牌故事而较为适合怀旧营销。本文在此基础上提出了品牌重构、产品创新、消费者激活等中华老字号品牌怀旧营销策略,对消费者怀旧相关理论在品牌营销中的应用和中华老字号的品牌复兴有一定参考意义。     

Marketing Innovation

This paper provides an economic analysis of marketing innovation. A dynamic duopoly model is developed to study two forms of marketing innovation: γ, which allows a firm to acquire consumer information effectively; and σ, which reduces consumer transaction costs. The incentives and effects of marketing innovation differ markedly from those of product or process innovations. Although γ benefits the innovating firm, it hurts some consumers; and, while σ benefits all consumers, it may or may not benefit the innovating firm. Increased competition intensity reduces the value of γ but increases the value of σ. The private incentive is too high for γ but too low for σ.     

广西工业品牌提升——关于品牌文化战略的思考

近年来,广西工业品牌的培育工作初见成效,获得全区名牌产品和中国名牌产品的广西工业品牌数量显著增加。但是,我们也看到诸如品牌产品生产企业的规模偏小,产品市场占有率偏低,传统、资源型产品多,高新产业品牌实力薄弱等问题。文章从品牌文化的角度对广西工业品牌现状进行了分析,针对存在的问题提出了可操作性的建议,希望对广西企业的工业品牌建设有所借鉴。     

体育品牌营销成功要素分析——以耐克为例

体育用品的消费在我国经济的飞速发展的今天,展现出了越来越大的商机。体育用品企业也在这个需求扩大化的市场中谋求发展,激烈的竞争中,我们看到了国际品牌的脱颖而出,本文试以耐克为例,探讨品牌营销成功的关键因素,为体育用品企业在提供参考。     

Valuing intangible assets with a nested logit market share model

This paper develops an econometric method for valuing intangible assets using nested logit market share assumptions. Specifically, a method is developed to measure the value to a license holder of owning a branded consumer product. While it is well known that brands confer values to their owners, existing methods for establishing a brand's value via comparable, profit, or income methods are often fraught with imprecision or are frequently based on untested assumptions. An economic approach to brand valuation is developed in which the demand for branded goods is estimated and compared to the demand for comparable unbranded goods including both private label and generic commodities. The economic analysis relies on oligopoly pricing models and certain assumptions regarding the opportunity use of the brand holder's fixed investment. This paper extends the multinomial logit structure of preferences assumed in Dubin [1998a. The Demand for Branded and Unbranded Products—An Econometric Method for Valuing Intangible Assets. Studies in Consumer Demand—Econometric Methods Applied to Market Data. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, Boston, pp. 77–127] and derives trademark valuation fractions with a nested logit market share model. The market share demand model in Dubin [1998a. The Demand for Branded and Unbranded Products—An Econometric method for Valuing Intangible Assets. Studies in Consumer Demand—Econometric Methods Applied to Market Data. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, Boston, pp. 77–127] is re-estimated under nested logit assumptions and results for the trademark fraction are compared.     

国内民营物流企业营销策略和技术对比——以顺丰等为例

对我国民营物流企业的概况,针对民营物流企业营销策略和技术进行研讨,并针对整个民营物流企业所存在问题进行剖析,提出建议,为民营物流企业的发展决策提供参考。     

汽车销售的影响因素分析及其应对策略

本文认为,国家政策、环保、油价、交通环境、新能源车型等因素对汽车销售有着较大影响,为此,提出在汽车营销工作中,应关注国家宏观经济政策导向,加强自主品牌的建设和发展,对企业的发展和销售做出规划,加强与汽车类职业学校的联合与协作,发展网络营销,建立跟踪式销售新体系等。