The Revenue Adequacy of Site Value Taxation in a Ricardian System of Economic Growth

A bstract . The federal administration has sought to reduce the growth of federal expenditures by shifting some government costs to state and local governments. An increased expenditure burden for the latter governments would require increased tax rates for existing types of taxes that have adverse impacts on economic incentives. Land taxes are considered as a source of revenue because of their efficiency aspects. Unfortunately this idea is all too often dismissed because of alleged revenue inadequacy. Thus an analysis is called for of the revenue adequacy of site value taxation in a Ricardian model of economic growth. The model allows analysis of revenue adequacy over time in an economic growth context that is suited for the long range tax-expenditure planning horizon with which local governments are faced. When revenue needs are primarily dependent upon the population size, and the fisc is initially operating at a deficit, for a land tax to permit attainment of balance, per capita rents must be increasing over time. Also when the economy's public service demand is primarily dependent upon income, deficits will not occur if rental share exceeds the share of income devoted to public output. Not all income goes to fiscal output, so rent eventually exceeds expenditures.     

Local taxation and the consequences of revenue distribution patterns

The economy of a small region. is modeled as an eighteen-equation system describing production, consumption, income distribution, factor supply, and a government sector. The government uses: independent taxes on land rents and capital rentals to collect revenue equal to 20% of what land rents would be in an untaxed equilibrium and distributes the revenue to local residents in four different patterns. The distribution of the tax revenue, as well as the mobility of the factor taxed, generates distinct patterns of impacts on regional population, capital stock and production structure wages rents and the incidence of the taxes.     

A Simple General Test for Tax Bias

A bstract .   The paper infers the biasing effects of taxes from their differential effects on the present values of rival uses for given tracts of land. After-tax wage rates, interest rates, and commodity prices are exogenous, hence not affected by taxes, which are therefore all shifted to land rents and values. The effects are differential among rival uses, hence change their ranking in the eyes of the landowner-manager. Most taxes downgrade the highest use into a lower use, inducing quantum leaps away from higher and better uses into lower and worse uses. The paper uses forestry as an allegory for all land uses. It compares yield taxes, property taxes, income taxes, and site value taxes. It finds that a change from the first three to the site value tax would induce quantum leaps from lower to higher uses of land.     

浅议我国现行个人所得税制改革

个人所得税作为调节居民收入分配的一个重要税种,在我国经济生活中起着至关重要的作用。个税调整直接关系百姓钱袋子,在通胀形势下成为关注热点。随着我国经济的增长,居民可支配收入也在逐年增多,但是作为调节贫富收入差距的"个人所得税"这一税收杠杆却滞后于我们经济的变化,这些问题不仅严重影响了税收调节经济的功能,而且对社会稳定也极为不利。本文在阐明了我国个人所得税制改革中存在的相关问题后,有针对性的提出了相关学者的政策建议。     

A Tale of Two Tax Jurisdictions:

ABSTRACT California's Proposition 13 and Massachusetts'Proposition 2½ attempted to shrink state and local tax burdens by reducing property taxes and limiting future tax growth. Both initially succeeded. However, following a brief lag, those governments made up lost revenues primarily through increased non-tax fees and charges; within a decade, real per capita revenues and expenditures exceeded their pre-tax revolt peaks. This development is consistent with the hypothesis that voter-initiated limits on a subset of revenue sources, intended to reduce state and local tax burdens, succeed temporarily but are then undermined by expansions in other revenue sources.     

探析中小企业企业所得税的税收筹划

在市场经济条件下,税收筹划对企业的发展具有重要意义。中小企业应潜心钻研《企业所得税法》,用好政策给予的优惠条件,对企业进行纳税筹划。企业进行企业所得税税收筹划时,一方面可利用所得税优惠政策及准予扣除项目的限额进行税务筹划,另一方面可利用会计处理方法对企业纳税所得额进行调整。     

探析中小企业企业所得税的税收筹划

在市场经济条件下,税收筹划对企业的发展具有重要意义。中小企业应潜心钻研《企业所得税法》,用好政策给予的优惠条件,对企业进行纳税筹划。企业进行企业所得税税收筹划时,一方面可利用所得税优惠政策及准予扣除项目的限额进行税务筹划,另一方面可利用会计处理方法对企业纳税所得额进行调整。     

Sources of Public Revenue that Make Nations Richer

Among sources of public revenue that make nations richer, the most beneficial are charges for harms, such as pollution and congestion, and charges for the private benefits from public services. Increases in the money supply sufficient to keep price changes in line with expectations are also beneficial. Taxes on concentrations of wealth are beneficial if wealth inequality is considered harmful. Properly administered taxes on land do no harm and are beneficial when markets are imperfect. Among taxes that cause harm, the combination of a tax on labour income and a tax on inheritances is probably the least damaging.     

The economics of property taxes and land values: The elasticity of supply of structures

Land values are explained by diminishing returns to a variable factor, structure, added to fixed land. The total cost minimizing structural density determined by land value, occurs where the marginal cost of increased density equals the average cost of structure plus land. Structural demand prices equal marginal costs in equilibrium determining land demands. A general equilibrium land price establishes the uses, prices and densities of structures. A simple method of calculating structure supply elasticity and the incidence and deadweight loss of property taxes is developed. Differing property tax rates are found to be efficient.     

An Address by a Georgist Sympathizer: Practical Issues in Georgist Thought

The justice and soundness of the taxation of land rent is acknowledged but problems in assessing imply a need to introduce better methods. This is particularly true when attempting to introduce the more saleable idea of two-rate tax systems because the allocation of total value of real estate parcels between land and buildings is even more arbitrarily done than determining the total assessment. The ideas fit best at the local level and there is little chance of replacing income or sales taxes. A 100% tax would be impossible since it would lead to an avalanche of tax appeals and the abandonment of some land since a high percentage of assessments are in error. The idea of a single tax does not fit modern times when revenue needs determine taxes, rather than the amount of revenue collected determining proper or necessary government expenditure levels. One tax source may be unpopular and regarded as a dangerous concept. Land is probably less important and less relatively valuable than it used to be because of technological change. Some advances in social legislation may mitigate the need for the drastic reform, George who was a moralist deeply concerned about poverty, felt reform was needed in his day. He was right about the impacts of various taxes on economic activity and income distribution.     

The Built‐in Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes

This paper reviews, and synthesises within a uniform framework, a number of analytical results on the built‐in flexibility of taxation. Established results for income taxes are reviewed and integrated with recent results for consumption taxes. These help to provide a better understanding of the determinants of the revenue responsiveness properties of different taxes. They also provide convenient expressions for the calculation of tax revenue elasticities in practice. It is shown that the magnitude of revenue elasticities can be expected to differ substantially for alternative taxes, for different forms of the same tax, and for the same tax over time as incomes change relative to tax thresholds and as consumption patterns change. These results are especially relevant for the many industrialised countries which have undertaken major fiscal reforms in recent years with, often unintended, consequences for revenue elasticities.     

中国省级政府债务风险测度与分析

将财政收入分解为税收收入,土地出让收入以及其他收入。假设三类收入分别服从扩散过程,利用伊藤引理和投资组合理论,建立地方政府债务违约概率测算模型。省级政府债务违约风险的评价结果表明：税收收入和其他收入对地方政府债务违约风险的影响较大,“土地财政”的影响相对较小;偿还债务的期限越长,地方政府债务的违约风险越低;东、中、西部地区的省级地方政府债务的违约风险存在显著差别。西部地区省份的违约风险最高,东部发达地区的违约风险最低。发债试点的8个省市的违约风险普遍较低。四是如果偿还期限为5年,有29个省份的地方政府债务违约风险低于50%。     

Revenue equivalence and income taxation

This paper considers the classical independent private values model of auction theory in the presence of income taxation. We show that revenue equivalence remains valid if income taxes are proportional. Progressive and regressive taxes lead, in general, to asymmetries between bidders with the well-known consequence that revenue equivalence no longer holds. However, if symmetry of the bidders is maintained, progressive (regressive) income tax implies a higher (lower) expected revenue in first-price than in second-price auctions. Financial support by theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is gratefully acknowledge.     

高校教师个人所得税的纳税筹划

随着高校教师收入水平的不断提升,国家税务总局明确提出将高等院校作为个人所得税征管的重点。高等院校应根据高校教师收入的特点,设计合理的薪酬体系、福利制度,在合理合法的限度内尽可能降低高校教师的税收负担。本文简要阐述了高校教师收入及其薪酬体系的基本情况,在此基础上提出了高校教师个人所得税纳税筹划的途径,希望能在一定程度上降低高校教师的税收负担。     

Carbon taxes and the double dividend hypothesis in a recursive-dynamic CGE model for Spain

A carbon tax is potentially a policy that can reduce CO₂ emissions and mitigate climate risks, at lowest economy-wide costs. We develop a dynamic CGE model for Spain to assess the economic and environmental effects of a carbon tax, and test the double dividend (DD) hypothesis. We simulate the impact of three carbon taxes: €10, €20 and €30 per ton of CO₂. For each tax, four ‘revenue recycling’ scenarios are examined: a reduction of taxes on capital, on labor, on value-added tax, and a scenario in which revenues are not recycled. We find a DD for taxes of €10/ton and lower, within five to seven years of implementation. We estimate an annual CO₂ emissions reduction of around 10% with this tax. Under some circumstances, the DD can be achieved for a tax of €20/ton. In any case, recycling revenues to cut pre-existing taxes reduces costs of imposing carbon taxes.     

A Reduction in Social Security Contributions: Which Alternatives for Financing Coverage?

This paper uses the INTIMO model of the Italian economy to analyze the economic impacts of a reduction in social security contributions. This manoeuvre is intended to reduce the tax wedge on labour cost. There is a wide choice of ways to neutralize the revenue effects of a lower tax yield, because several of the existing taxes could be increased and new ones could be introduced. In this study, alternative financing coverages are developed and applied in the model. The results of the study show that substituting different taxes for social security contributions affects the cost of production, and impacts vary with industries. A reduction in contributions compensated for by an increase in value-added tax produces the best results in terms of short-term economic indicators, but the improvement in environmental conditions—not analyzed in this study—achieved by energy taxes could be a very important target and could justify the recourse to this tool.     

Reforming or Transforming the Federal Tax System: (A Review Essay)

A bstract . Several proposals to reform the federal income tax system are under active consideration. Professor Richard W. Lindholm has proposed instead that we abolish the individual and corporate income taxes and the estate and gift taxes. To replace the lost revenue he proposes a flat 15 per cent value added tax and a flat 2 per cent net wealth tax. He posits five goals for successful tax reform and discusses his proposed system in terms of them. He finds his system would be simpler and less disruptive of markets than even a simplified income tax structure.     

Use-Value Assessment Tax Expenditures in Urban Areas

Use-value assessment is the practice of valuing land for property tax purposes in its current use, rather than at its full market value. This practice is widespread in the U.S. and is intended to reduce the property tax burden on agricultural land near urban areas and slow the pace of land development. We examine the foregone property tax revenue, or tax expenditure, due to use-value assessment. Data sets for two case studies are employed in empirical estimation of spatial models of the difference between market value and use value, providing the analytic basis for estimates of tax expenditures.     

2010-2011年宁夏地区医院业务收入影响因素分析

目的:分析医院业务收入的影响因素。方法:对2010-2011年宁夏地区医院门诊、住院收入变动建立因素指数体系,应用多因素分析法分析医院业务收入。结果:2011年较2010年相比,宁夏地区医院业务收入大幅增加,以住院业务收入增长为主,主要是日均费用和出院人次增加所致。结论:经济效益明显,医疗水平和服务质量进一步提高,综合管理能力有所提升,用药较合理,但应避免过度检查。     

Tax Policy Coordination, Vertical Externalities, and Optimal Taxation in a System of Hierarchical Governments

Tax policies of two levels of government (state and federal) with overlapping tax bases are considered. This overlap leads to “vertical” fiscal externalities are considered when several different commodities are in the tax base and the tax bases of the two levels of government may not be identical. When the governments share a tax base, the mix of combined taxes is optimal. With different tax bases, combined taxes are no longer optimal as federal tax rates are adjusted to reflect state public service levels. When grants are available, a welfare-maximizing mix of taxes and public services is obtained.