基于社会资本视角的社会管理创新研究

社会资本理论将因背负创新社会管理的使命而更具活力,创新社会管理的实践也将因社会资本的优化和支撑而更加有效。社会资本关注那些嵌入社会结构之中的社会关系以及信任、互惠规范和公民参与网络等社会资本形式,社会资本与社会管理良性互动,社会资本也具有负外部性。从培育公民的公共精神、建设廉价服务型政府、实现制度供给的法治化、引导民间组织健康发展等维度探寻创新社会管理的进路,以期实现“公平、正义、和谐”的良序社会治理。     

Social Security Liabilities

This paper reviews the long-term financial problems facing the U.S. Social Security system. Not only is the system out of long-term actuarial balance, but implicit rates of return on worker contributions are low and dropping. The paper discusses different approaches for dealing with the twin problems suggested by the 1994–1996 Advisory Council on Social Security, ending with a case for a middle-of-the-road approach featuring modest long-term benefit cuts and small, centrally managed, add-on individual accounts. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: H55.     

Social Security and the increasing longevity gap

Growth in overall life expectancy is straining the Social Security budget, and the gap in life expectancy between the rich and poor is widening. Motivated by these facts, this paper does four things. First, we develop a simple way to summarize the degree of progressivity in a Social Security system. Second, we show that growth in the life expectancy gap over the last few decades unwinds three-quarters of the progressivity of the Social Security system. Third, we develop simple reforms to Social Security that maintain the progressivity of the system and restore fiscal solvency. Fourth, we estimate the welfare effects of these potential reforms.     

综合性社会契约视角下的社会责任投资决策

社会责任投资起源于20世纪60年代西方社会,它是企业社会责任的一种实践活动。目前在欧美等发达国家,社会责任投资已逐渐成为一种主流基金投资模式,并为越来越多的投资者所认可,而在我国,对社会责任投资尚处于了解阶段。综合性社会契约理论是美国学者多纳得森和邓菲于1994年提出的一个将企业社会责任和社会伦理相衔接的重要理论。文章介绍和评析这两个理论并尝试建立基于综合性社会契约理论的社会责任投资模型,希望借此对投资者进行社会责任投资决策产生一定的理论指导。     

Strengthening Social Security

Social Security's core protections must be maintained, according to this author. He believes that by creating universal savings accounts and investing a small portion of the Social Security trust fund in equities, it is possible to secure the long-term future of Social Security without subjecting workers to the risks of individual, private accounts.     

Social Security Income and Health Care Spending: Evidence from the Social Security Notch

In this paper, I exploit Social Security legislation changes to identify the causal effect of Social Security income on out‐of‐pocket medical expenditures of the elderly. Using the 1986–1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey and an instrumental variables strategy, the empirical results show that health care expenditures are responsive to changes in Social Security income for elderly individuals with less than a high‐school education. The estimated income elasticities are between 1.41 and 3.47, depending on the outcome measures, and are statistically significant at conventional levels. The findings are in contrast to existing studies that find a small income elasticity at the individual/household level.     

Labor supply responses to marginal Social Security benefits: Evidence from discontinuities

A key question for Social Security reform is whether workers respond to the link on the margin between the Social Security taxes they pay and the Social Security benefits they will receive. We estimate the effects of the marginal Social Security benefits that accrue with additional earnings on three measures of labor supply: retirement age, hours, and labor earnings. We develop a new approach to identifying these incentive effects by exploiting five provisions in the Social Security benefit rules that generate discontinuities in marginal benefits or non-linearities in marginal benefits that converge to discontinuities as uncertainty about the future is resolved. We find that individuals approaching retirement (age 52 and older) respond to the Social Security tax-benefit link on the extensive margin of their labor supply decisions: we estimate that a 10% increase in the net-of-tax share reduces the two-year retirement hazard by a statistically significant 2.0 percentage points from a base rate of 15%. The evidence with regard to labor supply responses on the intensive margin is more mixed: we estimate that the elasticity of hours with respect to the net-of-tax share is 0.42 and statistically significant, but we do not find a statistically significant earnings elasticity. Though we lack statistical power to estimate results within subsamples precisely, the retirement response is driven mostly by the female subsample, while the hours response comes from the male subsample.     

Explaining the wealth holdings of different cohorts: Productivity growth and Social Security

In this paper, we explore the reasons why different generations accumulate different amounts of wealth. We use basic economic theory to propose two indicators of the economic conditions under which households accumulate wealth. The first one represents productivity differences across cohorts: The aggregate level of gross national product per capita around the time the head of the household entered the labor market. The second measure summarizes the changes in Social Security during the head of household's working life. Using panel data from the Dutch Socio-Economic Panel, we show that productivity growth can explain all the cohort effects present in income data, while productivity growth and the generosity of Social Security can explain all the cohort effects present in household net worth. We also find a limited offset of Social Security on wealth holdings.     

The effect of changes in Social Security on bequests

The net effect on intergenerational transfers of an increase in Social Security benefits will depend on how much of the increase is consumed and how much bequeathed. I show analytically that the marginal propensity to consume an increase in Social Security benefits is indeterminate: it could range from zero to 1.0 or even larger. At one extreme bequests would fully offset the increase in benefits; at the other bequests would fall. According to simulations based on an estimated model of life-cycle behavior, consumption increases by slightly more than the increase in Social Security benefits, causing bequests to fall. That is, bequests do no offset at all an increase in transfers from the younger generation to the older.     

完善我国社会保障基金投资运营机制对策研究

社会保障基金是社会保障制度实施的核心条件和物质基础,社会保障基金投资运营机制的完善关系到社会保障基金的安全和有效运行。完善我国社会保障基金投资运营机制必须以福利经济学与投资组合理论为科学依据,关注社会保障机制与社会保障制度的协调发展。尤其在我国经济转型期,合理解决社会保障基金投资运营机制的关键在于社会保障基金应实行资本化经营,资金投向应逐渐向低风险、长收益的项目上实现多元化战略投资转移。     

浅议社会工作人才与社会工作者的关系

社会工作者是指专业从事社会工作,以社会工作为职业的人员,国际社会工作界普遍认可的社会工作者应符合以下要求：一是具有社会工作执业执照;二是具有社会工作专业教育背景;三是受社会工作专业伦理约束;四是社会工作专业组织的成员;五是以社会工作作为一种职业。但是,在社会工作相对发达的西方国家,作为社会工作者首要的一条是必须取得社会工作执业执照,而在我国,由于社会工作事业起步时间较短,社会工作者职业资格管理仍处在探索发展阶段,全国性的社会工作者职业资格考试也刚刚开始,因此,现阶段的社会工作者更强调必须具有社会工作专业教育背景,以社会工作为职业。     

Social viewpoint

Forum for Social Economics -     

儿童社会性发展的研究述评

儿童的成长和全面发展离不开其社会性发展和教育,首先介绍了儿童社会性发展的内涵,并分析了影响因素。其中,儿童社会性发展的影响因素研究主要集中于：家庭、学校和同伴关系这三个方面。在已有相关研究的基础上,分析了儿童社会性发展的研究趋势,如研究观念转变,注重认知因素,研究方法多样化等,并对以往的研究进行了评述。     

Social Security and personal saving: 1971 and beyond

Feldstein (1996, 1974) reported that Social Security in the U.S.A. reduced personal saving (“saving”) in 1992 (1971) by $416 ($61) billion. I reestimate his life-cycle consumption specification using data from the latest NIPA revision, correct his calculations, and find that the implied reduction in 1992 (1971) saving is now $280 ($22) billion, 48% (16%) of actual net private saving, with a standard error of $114 ($14) billion. If structural breaks around WWII and the 1972 Social Security amendments (which raised real per capita SSW by 22%) are allowed, and the market value of Treasury debt included in the specification, the reduction in 1971 and 1992 saving attributable to Social Security is at most 0.55 times its standard error, and 12% of net private saving. I then reestimate the preferred specification of Coates and Humphreys (1999), allowing for these structural breaks and relaxing other restrictions. The implied effect of Social Security on saving is again statistically zero. First version received: September 2000/Final version received: September 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  I thank Les Oxley for pointing out that correcting for AR(1) residuals is not a categorical imperative but a cultural relative, in which case common factor restrictions are crucial.     

Social Dynamics

Lutz Leisering and Robert Walker (eds.), Review of The Dynamics of Modern Society
Steven Durlauf and H. Peyton Young (eds.), Social Dynamics     

社会流行病学与人口学的交叉研究进展

社会流行病学和人口学在研究内容、研究方法和疾病防治及卫生保健对策的研究等三个方面有着密切的联系。这些领域也是人口学研究方法在健康领域研究的渗透和应用。从研究内容上的"人群层面"的研究,研究方法上的"多层分析"方法和"生命历程分析",以及疾病防治和卫生保健对策的研究等方面对社会流行病学与健康人口学的交叉研究进展作了综述。     

企业社会资本指数的设计及测量

企业社会资本的测量一直是学术界的一个难题。通过界定企业社会资本概念,明确企业社会资本主体,以企业生产方式和管理层次为主线,从企业资源获取能力的效果出发,对企业社会资本的测量进行了探索性研究。构建的企业社会资本指数来源于财务报表及公开数据,具有一定的可操作性和实用性,不仅丰富了企业社会资本测量的内容,而且为该研究领域提供了新的方向。     

The financial status of the Social Security and Medicare programs (1990)

To summarize the major points I have covered: The Social Security and Medicare trust funds are carefully held and monitored by three five member boards of trustees, and each board has two members who represent the public's interest. The combined Social Security trust funds are well financed for many years into the future; however, there is reason to monitor the financing for the disability insurance trust fund; and actions will in all likelihood ultimately be required to assure the long-term financial integrity of the combined OASDI programs over the next 75 years. The Medicare trust funds are adequately financed for the short term; however, the HI program faces serious mid- and long-range financing problems that must be addressed. As a result, there is a strong need for Congress to take remedial action to improve the financing and provide an adequate contingency reserve for the program.     

社交媒体背景下顾客参与对中小企业创新绩效的影响——一个双调节模型

基于社交媒体视角，将顾客参与划分为信息提供、人际互动、用户创新3个维度，分别研究其对中小企业创新绩效的影响，以及企业社交媒体导向和社交媒体能力的调节作用。通过对208家中小企业实证研究发现，信息提供、人际互动、用户创新对中小企业创新绩效均存在显著正向影响；社交媒体导向在信息提供、用户创新与创新绩效的关系中存在正向调节作用，在人际互动与创新绩效的关系中存在倒“U”形调节作用；社交媒体能力在信息提供、人际互动、用户创新与创新绩效的关系中均存在正向调节作用。     

社交媒体背景下顾客参与对中小企业创新绩效的影响——一个双调节模型

基于社交媒体视角，将顾客参与划分为信息提供、人际互动、用户创新3个维度，分别研究其对中小企业创新绩效的影响，以及企业社交媒体导向和社交媒体能力的调节作用。通过对208家中小企业实证研究发现，信息提供、人际互动、用户创新对中小企业创新绩效均存在显著正向影响；社交媒体导向在信息提供、用户创新与创新绩效的关系中存在正向调节作用，在人际互动与创新绩效的关系中存在倒“U”形调节作用；社交媒体能力在信息提供、人际互动、用户创新与创新绩效的关系中均存在正向调节作用。