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客户服务:“收费”与“收益”的经济学分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
舒旭辉 《中国电力企业管理》2003,(4):46-48
近一段时间,有关是否实行供电有偿服务的争论沸沸扬扬。赞同“有偿服务”的观点大致有二:一是天下没有免费的午餐,服务作为电能销售的附属产品,花去了供电企业的大量成本,需要补偿;二是按照产权维护责任,提供产权以外的电力设施的维护服务有理由实行有偿服务。笔者认为,谈成本过高,不看收益,是一叶障目,见木不见林;笼统讲比较成本收益,不给出具体原则和数据,或是不分析其局限条件,在科学方法上称为“套套逻辑”,不可证伪。在实践中没有结论,难于操作,说了等于白说;把产权与服务挂钩,则混淆了服务与产权的概念。所有这些… 相似文献
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石油化工是我国的支柱产业之一,在国民经济和社会发展中起着其它工业不可替代的作用。石油化工是一个典型的流程工业系统,以石油和天然气为主要原料,经过复杂的物理和化学变化过程,生产出燃料、润滑油、石蜡等产品,满足社会的需求,同时谋求企业的最大经济效益。随着经济全球化的发展,国际竞争日益激烈,要求石化工业企业必须进一步降低生产成本、及时高效的生产出满足市场需要的高品质产品,才能在竞争中处于有利的地位。 相似文献
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发展低碳经济,不应忽视弱势群体的民生保障问题,二者存在辩证统一的关系。文章从低碳活动中的成本发生、转嫁、归宿入手,分析对普通民众和弱势群体的就业权、生存权、生活方式选择权及社会保障权的影响。从公共品定价机制、财税制度、补偿机制以及配套的公共政策构建角度,研究低碳经济与民生保障的协调发展问题,为保证低碳经济的可持续发展、维护社会的公平稳定提出了相应的对策。 相似文献
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关税是随着国际贸易的发展而产生和发展起来的。作为关税的征收依据,各国政府制定颁布的关税税则以法律形式规定了应缴关税的税率、征收标准的计量单位。关税政策是一国政府调节其对外经济关系的重要手段。本文就关税对国内经济及国际贸易的影响提出一些看法。 一、关税概述 关税是进出口商品经过一国关境时,由政府所设置的海关向其进出口商所征收的税收。作为税收的一种,关税具有和其他税种同样的属性。国家为维持国家机器的存在和职能的发展,需要参与国民收入的分配,凭籍其政治权力占有一部分国民收入。税收就是国家参与国民收入分配和再分配的一种形式,是取得财政收 相似文献
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面向供应链的环境治理组织模式研究——基于交易费用视角的考察 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
环境治理的组织形式既可以是单个企业的末端治理,也可以是具有纵向关系的企业间合作治理。后一种环境治理组织方式在激励机制、节约信息成本和治理成本等方面具有的优势.已经越来越成为政府环境治理和企业提高竞争力的重要途径。本文试图借助交易费用理论.从供应链的视角考察具有纵向关系的企业间合作环境治理的组织形式与结构,并进一步探讨供应链上环境治理的驱动者与驱动方式的选择问题。分析表明.面向供应链的环境政策是末端治理政策一个很好的补充与替代。但面向供应链的环境政策必须能够降低供应链上企业环境治理的交易成本.并依据纵向关系或供应链的组织特征而有所差异.才能提高企业问协调环境治理效率。 相似文献
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连续八个月CPI涨幅超过3%,人们对于CPI的关注程度甚至超过了银行利率。与此同时,房地产价格连年大幅上涨,这两个关系民生和国家经济的因素之间是否存在着必然的联系?是否互为因果,我们所处的通胀时期还将持续多久?房地产在这个时期将扮演怎样的角色?这一系列问题的答案将直接影响民众和政府的未来决策,对此,我们通过以下的分析来对未来的房地产投资提供一些建议。 相似文献
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完善房地产市场税收政策的几点思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
税收是政府凭借合法的政治权力对社会财富进行强制性征缴和社会再分配的垄断行为。它是政府筹集资金以保障国家机器正常运转和公共品供给的主要手段,也是政府干预和调节经济的重要工具。房地产税收是围绕着房地产的生产、开发、经营、交易和保有所开征的税项。积极的房地产税收政策,一方面可以增加政府的财政收入,加大城市建设的资金投入,改善公共服务;另一方面可以引导居民的消费、优化房地产市场结构、改善供需关系,促进可满足中低收入居民需求的经济适用型住房的开发建设。因此,完善房地产税收体制是促进我国房地产市场健康发展不可缺少的制度安排。 相似文献
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扩内需不仅是保增长的应急之策,更是中国经济持续增长的长远战略。扩内需在实质上是整个社会消费模式的转变,这种转变需要分配、社会保障等一系列社会结构和制度性因素作支撑。因此,保增长就要保民生,重视和加强以民生为重点的社会建设,切忌在仓促应对短期困境时加剧长期转型矛盾。 相似文献
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We propose a concept of structural equality as a compromise between competing policy preferences of equality and individual liberty to address a stunning property of the governance of corporations, namely, the paucity of female directors on corporate boards. An argument for imposing a quota for women directors on boards is the need to disrupt structural impediments to permit endogenous mechanisms to sustain female recruitment beyond a critical mass. Using estimates from the Norwegian experiment, we apply an agent‐based model to American board data to show that modest numerical quotas generate well‐connected networks of women directors who attain equality in their centrality and influence. The analysis demonstrates the utility of computational social science for identifying policies that generate alternative and possible worlds of greater structural equality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于投资理论的中国地方政府社会性支出不足研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国经济增长与宏观稳定课题组(2006)指出,当前中国的发展出现了以国富与民生关系失衡为本质特征的增长失衡,政府社会性支出不足是导致这一失衡的重要原因。社会性支出用于提供教育、医疗、社会保障等社会性公共产品,地方政府在该项支出上应发挥主导作用。本文从经济人假设出发,运用投资理论从一个新的视角研究中国地方政府的社会性公共产品的供给情况,以期找出中国地方政府社会性支出不足的原因。 相似文献
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Research summary: Previous studies have mixed findings on the relation between corporate socially responsible policies and firm performance. This paper focuses on a specific type of corporate social responsibility—corporate sexual equality, measuring how a firm treats its lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees, consumers, and investors—and examines whether and how it relates to firm performance. Using a longitudinal dataset of public firms in the U.S. during the period of 2002–2006, we demonstrate that firms with a higher degree of corporate sexual equality have higher stock returns and higher market valuation. We also identify one of the mediating channels, the labor market channel, that brings higher productivity to firms that embrace sexual equality. Managerial summary: Corporate sexual equality measures how a company treats its lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees, consumers, and investors. It is an important dimension of corporate social responsibility policies and diversity management. Using a longitudinal dataset of public firms in the U.S. during the period of 2002–2006, we demonstrate that firms with a higher degree of corporate sexual equality have higher stock returns, higher market valuation, and higher labor productivity. Our findings suggest that discriminatory hiring behaviors based on sexual orientation hurt employers and shareholders financially and that implementing corporate sexual equality policies can enhance firms' financial performance, generating competitive advantages in labor markets and mutual benefits between employers and employees. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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杨文会 《地质技术经济管理》2009,(6):86-88
随着世界经济的发展和我国社会主义市场经济的发展,科学技术和创新理论不断发展,终身教育、终身学习已成为社会发展的客观要求,许多国家都以立法的形式将终身学习纳入法治的轨道,中国改革开放30年来,社会经济也得到突飞猛进的发展,但是尚未建立有效的适合于会计人员终身学习的人文环境。文章从以人为本、良好的秩序、终身学习的科学理念、社会和谐、爱岗敬业精神、社会公平与平等方面研究会计人员终身学习人文环境建设,认为只有创建良好的人文环境,才能留住人才、用好人才,满足社会和经济发展的需要。 相似文献
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《Food Policy》2014
This article reviews the past and potential future roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as responses to population growth in the process of land use intensification and livelihood transformation. The farm size distribution and the existence of an inverse relationship (IR) between farm size and land productivity in SSA and the implications of this relationship for efficiency and equity are investigated. More secure property rights and removal of restrictions on land markets have the potential to create both efficiency and equity benefits, but there are high risks of elite capture of large land areas with inefficient and inequitable outcomes. This situation is the case not only in land-abundant areas but also in urban and peri-urban areas where increasingly larger proportions of people will make their living. Increasing population pressure in densely populated rural areas contributes to more rapid rural–urban migration, and creating alternative livelihood opportunities for the migrating youth population is essential to achieving economic development with social stability. 相似文献
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储德银 《地质技术经济管理》2008,(11):60-63
公共财政向民生倾斜、加大对民生领域投入是构建和谐社会的必然选择。从远期看,公共财政体制改革和政策调整要有利于建立和谐社会这一终极目标的实现,要比以前任何时期更多地关注民生,实现由“公共财政”向“民生财政”演进;近期公共财政体系设计和制度优化要以“学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居”为目标,从财政收入和支出两方面入手。遵循多支和少收两条基本线索,将民生问题纳入制度框架进行整体设计,加快建立有利于社会和谐的公共财政保障机制。 相似文献
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A quantitative analysis of poverty and livelihood profiles: The case of rural Rwanda 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The paper applies a quantitative methodology to study poverty and livelihood profiles on the basis of a large set of variables. It takes the context of post-conflict rural Rwanda for a case study. By means of exploratory tools (i.e. principal component and cluster analysis), it combines variables that capture natural, physical, human, financial and social resources together with environmental factors to identify household groups with varying livelihoods. The paper further explores how these clusters differ with regards the incidence of poverty, livelihood strategies and their respective crop preferences. The paper concludes that Rwandan rural policies should adopt distinct and appropriate interventions for impoverished peasant groups, each having their own particular livelihood profiles. 相似文献
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Livelihood diversification in Uganda: patterns and determinants of change across two rural districts
《Food Policy》2001,26(4):421-435
Despite the continuing centrality of agriculture to the rural economy of Uganda, households engage in diverse livelihood strategies. This paper presents findings of a two-district study of the role of various factors that influence livelihood trends and strategies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis reveals differences according to wealth, gender, and between traditional and non-traditional occupations. Comparisons drawn between the two districts—Kumi in the eastern region, and Rakai in the central region—identify social and historical, as well as contemporary levels of investment as the determinants of varying levels of livelihood diversification. 相似文献