Trade in Environmental Goods: Evidences from an Analysis Using Elasticities of Trade Costs

Negotiations on the liberalization of environmental goods (EGs) and services within the WTO Doha Round (mandated in November 2001) are facing specific challenges. Conflicting interests and differing perceptions of the benefits of increased trade in EGs were reflected in different approaches proposed for determining EGs. Using import data of 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and from a sample of 167 countries, from 1995 to 2012, we discuss the trade effect of reducing barriers on EGs. We analyze the lists of EGs proposed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and OECD using a Translog gravity model. We found that removing tariff barriers for EGs will have a modest impact because for the biggest importers and exporters, elasticities of trade costs are very low while for most trading relationships they are very high, making it difficult for exporters to maintain their markets. Overall, our results suggest that, because of their substantial effect on international trade, future negotiations on EGs should also address the issues of standards and nontariff barriers.     

Trade in Used Goods and Durability Choice

This paper studies the issue of durability choice when there are heterogeneous groups of consumers in the market. The possibility of trade between consumers and its effects on durability choice are examined. It is shown that neither a competitive nor a monopolistic market realizes the social optimum globally. Swan's “independence result” does not hold, in general. [020]     

体育用品出口贸易与我国宏观经济

体育用品出口作为出口贸易的一个分支,在出口创汇方面发挥着积极重要的作用。随着世界经济的一体化进程和北京奥运会、广州亚运会的举办,我国体育用品出口企业必将迎来一个更加开放、自由的外部环境。在国际贸易市场中面临更多的机遇和挑战。文章将揭示体育用品出口贸易与我国宏观经济的互动关系,把握其内在作用机制,进一步促进我国经济发展。     

Pollution Policy and Trade Liberalization of Environmental Goods

During the Doha Round at the World Trade Organization, reductions in trade barriers on environmental goods (EG) were put forward as a means of helping developed and developing countries alike deal with current environmental problems. We examine the potential effectiveness of such a strategy in a developing country that imports all its consumption of EG from an imperfectly competitive foreign eco-industry. We point out that trade liberalization of EG might in fact lead to less stringent pollution taxes, which can result in an actual rise in pollution levels. We then show that the environmental effectiveness objective of this trade reform can be achieved when the regulator uses quantitative abatement standards as an alternative pollution policy instrument. However, this environmental achievement comes at the expense of social welfare.     

论天山南北坡外贸与经济的协调发展

外贸是拉动经济增长的动力之一，天山南北坡经济带外贸近年保持快速发展并在新疆外贸中占有举足轻重的地位，但由于未发挥地方资源及产业优势，故对地方经济增长拉动性不强，而解决措施在于建立立足资源优势的农业和林果业、工业，将天山南北坡建设成加工贸易的生产基地并加快利用高科技对传统产业的改造。     

Network Effects on Trade in Intermediate Goods: Evidence from the Automobile Industry

Growing production fragmentation makes the analysis of network effects on trade in intermediate goods more important than ever. The present study measures network effects on auto parts exports from 6 major auto producing countries using a panel data set covering 49 destinations and 31 products from 2002 to 2008. In contrast to prior research, the present study finds that in the case of Japanese automakers, overseas production by subsidiary plants is less important in determining auto parts exports from Japan than it is for the other major auto producing countries. Such uniqueness could be led by the higher reliance on domestic procurements of overseas subsidiaries of Japanese automakers as a result of the transfer of the vertical networks between automakers and parts suppliers formed in Japan.     

International Trade and Commercial Policy for Durable Goods

Many commodities traded internationally are durable in nature. A dynamic durable goods oligopoly trade model is analyzed. The analysis indicates that the pattern of intraindustry trade depends fundamentally on the quality or durability of the firms' output. Indeed, product durability influences the effectiveness of commercial policy. For example, as domestic product durability rises, an increase in domestic tariffs has a smaller impact on domestic production. In addition, the model uncovers a previously unrecognized avenue by which product quality standards act as a barrier to trade. The results may help explain some of the empirical anomalies found in the literature.     

全球公共产品与多边贸易体制改革

全球化的发展使得公共产品的提供超出了民族国家的管辖范畴,以多边协调机制为基础的全球公共产品供应体制随之产生。以GATT/WTO为核心的多边贸易体制提供了与贸易有关的全球公共产品。然而多边贸易体制在全球公共产品的供应中,存在着供给与需求不符、成员受益不均、供应机制缺乏民主等问题。多边贸易体制改革应以发展为导向,保障发展中国家的权利,满足发展中国家对全球公共产品的需求。     

Social Norms and Private Provision of Public Goods

The formation of social norms for voluntary contributions to a public good is analyzed in a game in which people have preferences for private consumption, a public good, and social approval. Each person chooses to be one of the two types: a contributor or a non‐contributor. Thereafter, each person meets people who can observe his type. A non‐contributor feels disapproval, whereas a contributor feels approval if he believes that a contributor observes his type. The game has two asymptotically stable states: one in which everybody is a contributor, and one in which nobody is a contributor. Governmental subsidization of the public good can move the society to the former state, whereas a governmental contribution to the public good can move the society to the latter. Indeed, this crowding in or crowding out prevails even after policy reversal.     

中国传统农业社会后期南北方的政府与民间组织

宋代后,政府对民间社会的控制和影响一直是北强于南,民间组织则南重于北。南方地方官更迁就当地民间,北方地方官更迎合中央政府。南方存在较强的宗族等中间组织,需要政府介入少,并一定程度上抵御了政府的越界干预,地方官府和官员行为的随意性受到一定限制,北方与此相反。南北方政府控制力、宗族势力及民间秘密组织的差异,也是中国近代革命总是起于南方而成于北方的一个原因。以晋商商号为代表的北方工商组织更多地收买官员;以徽商为代表的南方工商组织较多地将亲族在官场上的关系用于商场。     

南水北调工程与受水区经济社会制度变迁分析

南水北调工程作为国家强制性制度变迁的载体必将对受水区的有关经济社会制度产生深刻而长远的影响,主要表现在引发农地及水利基础设施产权的重新配置,改变区域内水资源的价格体系,通过改变水资源收益主体结构而引致水权制度模式变革,导致受水区内中央与地方之间财政收支的制度模式创新。因此,在受水区,需要引入市场调节机制为主和国家调节为辅的农地和水资源管理体制,合理引导农村土地制度变革;按照受水区不同的用水需求弹性,科学制定水资源定价标准,保证北调的水资源得到公平、公正和高效的开发和利用;建立水权明晰、治理结构合理的市场交易与行政管理相结合的水资源管理体制,解决不同投资主体的利益分配问题;加大对受水区的财税支持和补偿,积极引导受水区的经济结构调整与优化。     

Quality Bargaining and Intermediate Goods Protection*

This paper offers an explanation for the proposition that removing protection from a firm can induce an improvement in product quality. In a vertically separated industry the quality of the final good is dependent on the quality of the intermediate goods used in its production. This model is used to consider removal of protection from the upstream firm (the supplier) which gives the downstream firm (the assembler) greater bargaining power since the option of turning to a foreign supplier becomes more attractive.     

南水北调工程与受水区经济社会制度变迁分析

南水北调工程作为国家强制性制度变迁的载体必将对受水区的有关经济社会制度产生深刻而长远的影响,主要表现在引发农地及水利基础设施产权的重新配置,改变区域内水资源的价格体系,通过改变水资源收益主体结构而引致水权制度模式变革,导致受水区内中央与地方之间财政收支的制度模式创新.因此,在受水区,需要引入市场调节机制为主和国家调节为辅的农地和水资源管理体制,合理引导农村土地制度变革;按照受水区不同的用水需求弹性,科学制定水资源定价标准,保证北调的水资源得到公平、公正和高效的开发和利用;建立水权明晰、治理结构合理的市场交易与行政管理相结合的水资源管理体制,解决不同投资主体的利益分配问题;加大对受水区的财税支持和补偿,积极引导受水区的经济结构调整与优化.     

国际贸易结构分析:贸易品的技术分布

对国际贸易结构的理论与经验研究已经充分揭示了技术在贸易中的重要作用。但是,对于如何识别贸易品的技术差异,如何分析贸易品的技术分布状况,进而如何从技术分布来分析贸易结构等,目前还没有非常成熟的方法。本文试图通过完善关志雄(2002)在这方面的努力来提供基于贸易品技术分布的贸易结构分析法。本文用显示技术附加值赋值原理作为识别贸易品技术附加值高低的理论基础,然后根据这一原理提供了具体的赋值方法,并提出了四种基于贸易品技术分布的贸易结构分析方法,分别是:竞争互补指数、竞争压力指数、技术高度曲线和贸易品高低技术分类分析法。最后,本文用上述方法分析了中国的对外贸易结构。     

Investor Expectations and the North American Free Trade Agreement

The paper uses a stock market event study to examine investors' expectations of NAFTA's effect on the profitability of manufacturing industries in the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The main finding is that factor intensity, specifically a measure of the industry–wide labor–capital ratio, is the most significant determinant of excess returns. The results suggest that investors believed the NAFTA would favor industries that used abundant factors intensively and reduce profitability in industries that relied heavily on scarce factors; and, more generally, that factor intensity is a primary source of comparative advantage. No significant relationship was found between the relative scale of industries among the three countries and the NAFTA's expected influence on profitability.     

南北型自由贸易区的原产地规则对其成员国的差异性影响

作者在3×3×2的模型中分析了南北型自由贸易区对其成员国的非对称性影响.在目前南北型自由贸易区的典型贸易模式下,严格的原产地规则主要通过影响成员国之间的贸易条件,增加发达成员的福利,而减少发展中成员的福利.严格的原产地规则还会抑制发展中成员国的出口,增加发达成员国的关税收入,或者减少发展中国家的关税收入.     

标准与产品质量监管

文章通过对标准功能的研究,阐明了标准与产品质量监管的关系,提出了产品质量长效监管机制。     

知识产权保护与文化创意产品进口

文化创意产业被誉为21世纪的“朝阳行业”,在过去的十年间,经历了极为快速的发展,而知识产权保护与文化创意产品又有着天然而不可分割的关系。文章从知识产权保护的角度研究中国文化创意产品贸易,对于我国文化创意产业发展具有一定的现实意义。文章首先梳理了知识产权保护与国际贸易关系的相关文献,并报告了中国文化创意产品贸易与知识产权保护水平的现状,在引力模型的基础上,运用了18个发展中国家从20个发达国家进口文化创意产品的贸易数据,研究了知识产权保护力度对文化创意产品进口额的影响。研究表明,随着发展中国家提高知识产权保护力度,文化创意产品进口额也出现了增加的趋势。此外,文章使用了GDP和IPR的滞后一期作为工具变量以控制内生性问题,同样也得到了较为稳健的结果。