我国货币政策有效性的环境制约分析

货币政策总是在一定的宏观经济金融环境中运行的，因而其有效性必然受到这些因素的制约，从当前我国经济运行的实际情况来看，影响货币政策有效性的环境因素主要包括三方面内容：金融结构、区域金融发展以及金融市场，由于我国转轨时期的特殊性而引起的上述三方面的结构失衡成为制约货币政策有效性的重要因素。     

货币政策超载：从市场流动性谈起

为了抑制物价上涨过快，央行采取一系列货币政策有效控制了其中的货币因素。在这个过程中，流动性趋紧影响了金融市场特别是货币市场的投融资功能和进一步深化发展。现阶段过分强调通货膨胀当中的货币因素并不科学，特别是金融市场的深度和广度有限，弱化了货币政策效果。因此，货币政策不应承载过多抑制物价压力，而应进一步深化发展金融市场特别是货币市场。     

金融市场的统一趋势与货币政策的挑战

当今主要资本主义国家的金融业在金融全球化的大背景下出现新的融合潮流，这些融合的主要标志是资本市场和货币市场的融合和统一，成为一个整体的金融市场，这对各国货币政策的制定和操作提出了新的挑战。这种挑战不仅在于货币政策关注更多的金融领域，关注更多的金融机构和相关机构，而且货币政策将涵盖更多的内容。本文对金融市场的统一趋势对货币政策的挑战问题进行了探析。     

宏观经济政策对金融市场的影响探讨

金融市场涉及资金市场、外汇市场与资本市场,金融市场发展可以推动经济稳定发展。就我国来说,金融市场优化与发展需要政府宏观经济政策的支持,其中最为重要的是财政政策与货币政策的调控,需要两手抓,保障二者的共同发展。本文主要探讨了宏观经济政策对金融市场的影响。     

对转轨暑期我国货币政策结构调整功能的思考

我国经济转轨时期的特殊性与宏观调控的特点决定了货币政策承担结构调整任务的必要性与可能性。但在转轨不同时期，货币政策调整经济结构的内容、方式与难度存在显差异，只有把握转轨中后期结构调整的特点与难点并采取相应的政策措施，才能使货币政策的结构调整功能得以充分的发挥。     

对提高货币政策传导效率的思考

目前，我国货币政策已基本实现由直接调控向间接调控的转变，货币政策对经济增长的间接作用过程为：中央银行→货币政策工具→金融机构（金融市场）→企业和居民→国民收入。在这个传导体系中，受资产规模、市场份额等因素的影响，以四大国有商业银行为代表的银行体系仍然是我国货币政策传导的主渠道。     

中国货币政策效应的区域性配给均衡分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文应用向量自回归模型和广义脉冲响应函数实证研究发现我国存在显著的货币政策区域效应,通过修正贷款决策模型分析了信息不对称前提下我国转轨经济中的地域性信贷配给,其突出表现为金融市场中的"银政壁垒"。我们通过构建样本分割的阈值回归模型进行实证分析发现我国各区域货币政策效应具有显著的配给均衡特征。我国商业银行地域性信贷配给和结构性信贷配给行为一方面限制了金融资源的跨区域自由流动,另一方面通过信贷渠道对各区域实体经济产生非对称性影响。我国货币政策效应的区域性配给均衡突出表现为各区域货币政策效应的差异性和配给均衡特征。我们认为,区域差别化的货币政策调控并非解决我国货币政策区域效应问题的治本之策,打破金融市场中的"银政壁垒"才是解决问题的关键。     

金融市场开放下中国最优货币政策规则选择

随着中国改革开放的深入,特别是金融市场开放程度的提高,相机抉择的货币政策执行难度不断加大,学术界对于按一定规则制定货币政策的呼声也持续升温。金融市场开放条件下中央银行货币政策规则该如何选择?本文通过构建开放经济宏观经济模型,模拟得出不同金融市场开放度下的各主要利率规则的效果及福利损失。研究结果表明,金融市场开放主要会导致宏观经济短期受国外冲击影响波动变大,尤其是受国外利率冲击的影响,长期在利率规则作用下经济恢复均衡,且盯住国内通胀规则在金融市场开放度较低时较为适用,金融市场开放度较高时传统泰勒规则较优。同时也启示我们,在坚持逐步开放金融的同时必须加快利率市场化改革的步伐,促进货币政策利率传导渠道的畅通,从而使利率规则在金融市场不断开放过程中应对宏观经济可能面临的各种冲击时发挥有效作用。     

金融周期识别与货币政策的选择

近年来,随着金融市场的快速发展,金融体系对实体经济的影响日益增加,金融冲击成为引起经济频繁波动的重要因素,金融市场自身的周期波动对实体经济运行也产生了显著的周期效应.在此背景下,从金融市场和货币政策出发来研究金融周期波动和金融危机形成的内在机制的金融周期理论,逐渐成为经济周期理论研究的一个新兴热点领域.因此,本文试图系统性地研究金融周期,首先,文章梳理了金融周期理论文献的发展脉络,探讨了金融周期波动的两种主要机制,在此基础上,文章描述了我国当前金融运行特点,进一步研究了我国进入金融周期下半场后金融市场所表现的主要特征,最后根据金融周期的特征提出了货币政策建议.     

实体经济对货币政策效果的制约初探

改革开放以来至1996年，我国货币政策的宏观调控作用比较明显，1996年经济“软着陆”之后，特别是1998-2002年，货币政策效应却呈现弱化趋势。对此，学多从我国货币政策的决策机制不科学、货币政策工具效力不强、金融市场不完善以及金融中介不健全等金融层面寻找根源。但经济决定金融，应从实体经济方面探寻我国货币政策效应弱化的根本原因。系统地分析近年来实体经济变化对货币政策效应的约束机理，廓清一些认识上的偏差，对于进一步发挥货币政策的宏观调控作用具有重大的理论和现实意义。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.