Challenges in land use planning around Australian airports

The privatization of major Australian airports in the late 1990s unleashed an unprecedented development wave as corporate lessees implemented ambitious business plans. While planning and environmental regulations governing on-airport development were significantly enhanced, there has been national disquiet about a governance regime that remains under the auspices of the federal government and is not effectively integrated into state and local decision-making machinery. Tensions in major airport regions have been exacerbated by the building of highly conspicuous non-aeronautical developments approved with no determining input by local decision-makers as well as the growing pressures on off-airport locations for aviation-related development. This paper canvasses this context and overviews the evolving structure of planning controls for Australia’s privatized federal airports. A range of issues surfacing through the National Aviation Policy Review process in 2008–2009 is described.     

Port choice and freight forwarders

In light of the growing supply chain power of 3PLs and very limited empirical studies on port choice from the freight forwarders’ perspective, this paper tries to evaluate the major factors influencing port choice from the Southeast Asian freight forwarders’ perspective, their decision-making style and port selection process and draw out some policy implications for port operators and authorities. Efficiency is found to be the most important factor followed by shipping frequency, adequate infrastructure and location. Their selection process is complex and a two-stage process and supports the new approach that models ports within the framework of a supply chain.     

Expanding a(n) (electric) bicycle-sharing system to a new city: Prediction of demand with spatial regression and random forests

Bicycle-sharing systems have experienced strong growth in the last two decades as part of a global trend that started in the 1990s and accelerated after 2005. Early bicycle-sharing systems were provided primarily as a public service by cities. Today, major international bicycle-sharing companies are emerging and seeking to expand their operations to new cities.Two major strategic questions arise: (1) which cities should be considered for expansion and (2) what should be the geographical extent of the service area? An important factor in such decision-making is the expected demand for bicycle-sharing because it relates directly to potential revenue.In this paper, booking data from an electric bicycle-sharing system was used to estimate and assess models for bicycle-sharing demand and to predict expansion to a new city. Employment, population, bars, restaurants and distance to a central location were amongst the most important predictors in terms of variance explained in the same city. Omitting centrality measures improved predictions for the new city.     

多因素模糊决策在集装箱中心站选址中的应用

对铁路集装箱中心站的站址选择,提出基于变权法的多因素Fuzzy决策。在论述变权法及多因素模糊决策原理的基础上,给出了基于变权的模糊决策方法,并以兰州枢纽地区为例,对集装箱中心站选址的选择确定,进行了实例计算,分析了变权综合值和常权综合值的影响因素。     

Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts,influences and opportunities

Although consumer behaviour (CB) is one of the most researched areas in the field of tourism, few extensive reviews of the body of knowledge in this area exist. This review article examines what we argue are the key concepts, external influences and opportune research contexts in contemporary tourism CB research. Using a narrative review, we examine the CB literature published in three major tourism journals from 2000 to 2012. Of 519 articles identified and reviewed, 191 are included in this article. We examine the development of and scope for future research on nine key concepts, including decision-making, values, motivations, self-concept and personality, expectations, attitudes, perceptions, satisfaction, trust and loyalty. We then examine three important external influences on tourism behaviour, technology, Generation Y and the rise in concern over ethical consumption. Finally, we identify and discuss five research contexts that represent major areas for future scholarship: group and joint decision-making, under-researched segments, cross-cultural issues in emerging markets, emotions and consumer misbehaviour. Our examination of key research gaps is concluded by arguing that the hedonic and affective aspects of CB research in tourism must be brought to bear on the wider CB and marketing literature.     

Household decision-making for everyday travel: a case study of walking and cycling in Lancaster (UK)

Increased walking and cycling for short journeys in urban areas has many obvious advantages yet so far gains from the promotion of more sustainable travel of this type are mostly small. This paper reports on a large research project which uses a mixed method approach to explore attitudes to and perceptions of walking and cycling, and which examines the process of household decision-making for everyday travel and the constraints that this imposes. Using survey, interview and ethnographic data it is argued that many people hold ambiguous and sometimes contradictory views of walking and cycling as effective means of everyday travel, that what they do rarely matches precisely what they believe, and that the complexity and contingency associated with everyday travel for many households is a major barrier to the use of more sustainable travel modes. It is suggested that better understanding of these processes could help to inform both future transport policy and the promotion of walking and cycling for short trips in urban areas.     

高速铁路兰州至张掖三四线运输需求分析

高速铁路兰州至张掖三四线运输需求是确定其建设方案、投融资模式、主要技术标准、运输组织和运营管理方案的决策依据,更是确定铁路经济效益和修建可行性的关键指标。通过对旅客运输径路比较分析,结合区域路网构成确定高速铁路兰州至张掖三四线可能的功能定位,包括"城际功能为主"、"城际、通道功能并重"和"通道功能为主"3种情景。再基于"情景分析"的基本原理,利用"四阶段法"预测高速铁路兰州至张掖三四线处于3种不同情景下的运输需求,即远期客流密度分别为805万人/a、1426万人/a和1852万人/a。     

The effect of airline service quality on passengers’ behavioural intentions: a Korean case study

This paper seeks to improving our understanding of air passengers’ decision-making processes by testing a conceptual model that considers service expectation, service perception, service value, passenger satisfaction, airline image, and behavioural intentions simultaneously. For this testing, path analysis via maximum likelihood estimator is applied to data collected from Korean international air passengers. Service value, passenger satisfaction, and airline image are each found to have a direct effect on air passengers’ decision-making processes.     

Airline safety measurement using a hybrid model

Although air transport has a good safety record, public perception often focuses excessively on accidents. Safety is affected by many factors such as management, operations, maintenance, environment, aircraft design, and air traffic control. Quantitative measurement of the airline safety index is the goal of this paper. Some previous efforts to measure aviation safety have assumed the criteria to be independent, but this is not the case in the real world. Here a hybrid multiple criteria decision-making model to address dependent relationships among criteria, using a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory along with an analytical network process, to decide the relative weights of criteria, showing inter-dependence and feedback.     

基于数据挖掘技术的国际铁路工程估价分析

国际铁路工程估价是国际铁路工程管理领域正确进行投标报价及决策的重要依据。针对国际铁路工程估价相关数据特征分析,提出将数据挖掘(Data Mining)技术应用于国际铁路工程估价过程的基本运作模式和工作程序,并建立了相应的估价流程模式图,为国际铁路工程估价方法提供一个新的思路。     

The effect of multi-scenario policies on empty container repositioning

This paper addresses a container maritime-repositioning problem where several parameters are uncertain and historical data are useless for decision-making processes. To address this problem, we propose a time-extended multi-scenario optimization model in which scenarios can be generated taking into account shipping company opinions. We then show that multi-scenario policies put shipping companies in the position of satisfying empty-container demands for different values that may be taken by uncertain parameters.     

A hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach for mitigating airport congestion: A case in Ninoy Aquino International Airport

In this paper, we introduce the application of an integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to mitigate airport congestion which affects the on-time performance of airlines, operational reputation of airports, and air travel experience of passengers. In a classical approach, when congestion occurs at the destination airport while the aircraft is en-route, an air traffic flow management action is prompted for implementation. In selecting the most suitable action in the event of airport congestion, the decision must reflect the multiple criteria nature of the problem as well as the uncertainty and vagueness associated with the decision-making process; thus, an integrated fuzzy MCDM is adopted. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated in a case study at Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It is found that stakeholders of the commercial aviation industry favored to apply rerouting, among other actions, as this satisfies aviation safety as the most prioritized criterion.     

Where to vacation? An agent-based approach to modelling tourist decision-making process

Agent-based models (ABMs) are becoming more relevant in social simulation due to the potential to model complex phenomena that emerge from individual interactions. In tourism research, complexity is a subject of growing interest and researchers start to analyse the tourism system as a complex phenomenon. However, there is little application of ABMs as a tool to explore and predict tourism patterns. The purpose of the paper is to develop an ABM that increases knowledge in tourism research by (i) considering the complexity of tourism phenomenon, (ii) providing tools to explore the complex relations between system components and (iii) giving insights on the functioning of the system and the tourist decision-making process. A theoretical ABM is developed to improve knowledge on tourist decision-making in the selection of a destination to vacation. Tourists’ behaviour, such as individual motivation, and social network influence in the vacation decision-making process are hereby discussed.     

Lessons from travel planning and road user charging for policy-making: through imperfection to implementation

In 1978 Gunn published a seminal paper which explained why implementation of policy is so difficult. The paper set out 10 conditions, which should be satisfied if perfect implementation is to be achieved. Whilst it is clear that perfect implementation is not possible in the real world, and Gunn has subsequently been criticised for his ‘top-down’ approach to decision-making, these conditions do, nonetheless act as an effective framework through which to evaluate good practice in the implementation of urban transport policy instruments. Two urban transport policy instruments, which form an increasingly important element of the Government's strategy in the UK for reducing the demand for private transport as set out in a New Deal for Transport (DETR, 1998), are travel plans and road user charging. Travel plans are a relatively recent policy instrument in the UK and seek to reduce trips to work by car by providing, through individual employers, a targeted, integrated package of incentives and disincentives to influence commuters' choice of mode of travel to and from the workplace. Road user charging, whereby motorists are charged for the road space they use in urban areas, seeks to reduce the congestion problem via the price mechanism, and has a longer history in the UK. To date the implementation of travel plans in the UK has been more widespread than that of road user charging. It is fair to say, however, that the widespread implementation of both urban transport policy instruments is a complex and sensitive area for decision-makers.The aim of this paper is firstly, to analyse travel plans and road user charging in the UK with respect to the conditions for perfect implementation put forward by Gunn and secondly, to highlight the elements of good practice, pertinent to the implementation of road user charging, in the process of the implementation of travel plans. Overall, the paper uses Gunn's theoretical framework as a basis for recommendations for better decision-making that will aid the wider implementation of both travel plans and road user charging internationally.     

The uses of cost–benefit analysis in public transportation decision-making in France

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is a tool used to evaluate the potential socio-economic impact of public investment choices. In many countries, particularly in France, this tool is used to support decision-making related to transportation infrastructure. In the context of difficult budgetary arbitrations, taking the multiple effects of the different choices into account makes choosing among transport infrastructure investments a two-fold problem. On the one hand, public decision-makers have limited resources that they must use in the best way possible. On the other hand, when choosing among alternative investment projects, the decision-makers reveal their priorities (based on the importance they assign to the different projects), and these priorities must be perceived as legitimate. Based on a case study of how French institutions use the CBA method, this paper examines how the use of cost–benefit analysis interacts with the use of public debate and stakeholder participation in France today. This French case illustrates the difficulty of striking the right balance between the expert knowledge produced by CBA methods and the knowledge produced by the participation of various stakeholders in the decision-making process.     

Do low cost carriers have different corporate governance models?

In this paper, we investigate whether different business models in the same industry (passenger air transportation) lead to different corporate governance models. We found that low-cost carriers organise their boards differently from full service carriers to achieve lower costs and a faster decision-making process that is required by their business model. We also found that low-cost carriers and full service carriers solve their potential agency cost problems differently and that full service carriers have more board monitoring committees, and low-cost carriers have a closer coincidence of interests between shareholders and executive directors.     

Seamless,accessible travel: users’ views of the public transport journey and interchange

Emphasis on the need to reduce the deterrence effects and costs associated with interchange, so that increasingly seamless public transport journeys can be provided, is now a key policy goal. This paper reports the findings from a series of focus groups and in-depth interviews of both public transport users and car users that were undertaken for a Scottish Executive funded study on interchange and travel choice. It explores how interchange is perceived and how this perception deters public transport use amongst car users or limits public transport use amongst public transport users. The paper also provides insights into lifestyles, the decision-making processes and types of considerations that are made at key stages in the journeys of both car users and public transport passengers.     

A new hybrid simulation-based assignment approach for evaluating airlines with multiple service quality criteria

Evaluation of airlines based on service quality criteria can help to improve the processes of airlines, and also can give guidance to travel agencies to provide better choices for passengers and tourists. In this study, a hybrid simulation-based assignment approach is proposed to deal with multi-criteria decision-making problems with a group of decision-makers. A probability distribution is used to model decision-makers’ opinions and constructing a stochastic decision matrix. Then some efficient multi-criteria decision-making methods are utilized for evaluating alternatives in a simulation process. The proposed approach is applied to a problem of evaluation of five airlines with respect to opinions of 58 experts on 28 criteria. The results show the efficiency of the proposed to handle decision-making problems with a large number of experts. Moreover, the evaluation results are more reliable than the other decision-making approaches because of simulating decision-makers’ opinions, using multiple methods and evaluating based on aggregative results.     

价值工程在铁路物资采购中的应用

按照价值工程的原理和铁路物资采购制度,在确定物资采购方案时,运用层次分析法对物资供应厂家进行价值系数的评定,根据价值系数的高低确定采购方案。通过应用实例说明,价值工程在铁路物资采购中的应用,为采购人员决策提供科学依据。     

A scenario planning approach for the flood emergency logistics preparation problem under uncertainty

This paper aims to develop a decision-making tool that can be used by government agencies in planning for flood emergency logistics. In this article, the flood emergency logistics problem with uncertainty is formulated as two stochastic programming models that allow for the determination of a rescue resource distribution system for urban flood disasters. The decision variables include the structure of rescue organizations, locations of rescue resource storehouses, allocations of rescue resources under capacity restrictions, and distributions of rescue resources. By applying the data processing and network analysis functions of the geographic information system, flooding potential maps can estimate the possible locations of rescue demand points and the required amount of rescue equipment. The proposed models are solved using a sample average approximation scheme. Finally, a real example of planning for flood emergency logistics is presented to highlight the significance of the proposed model as well as the efficacy of the proposed solution strategy.