国际定价、营销策略与汇率传递:一个分析框架

汇率变动能在多大程度上引起商品相对价格变动是汇率研究的一个重要组成部分。文章对汇率不完全传递的原因进行了总结,在现有研究的基础上,基于微观视角发展了一个国际营销策略性定价分析框架,从微观层面对不完全汇率传递进行了探索。     

A study of employee affective organizational commitment and retention in Pakistan: the roles of psychological contract breach and norms of reciprocity

Abstract

Social exchange theory and notions of reciprocity have long been assumed to explain the relationship between psychological contract breach and important employee outcomes. To date, however, there has been no explicit testing of these assumptions. This research, therefore, explores the mediating role of negative, generalized, and balanced reciprocity, in the relationships between psychological contract breach and employees’ affective organizational commitment and turnover intentions. A survey of 247 Pakistani employees of a large public university was analyzed using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping techniques, and provided excellent support for our model. As predicted, psychological contract breach was positively related to negative reciprocity norms and negatively related to generalized and balanced reciprocity norms. Negative and generalized (but not balanced) reciprocity were negatively and positively (respectively) related to employees’ affective organizational commitment and fully mediated the relationship between psychological contract breach and affective organizational commitment. Moreover, affective organizational commitment fully mediated the relationship between generalized and negative reciprocity and employees’ turnover intentions. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

通胀水平和汇率波动对汇率传递影响的实证研究

汇率传递效应在不同国家呈现出不同的效果和结论,而通胀水平和汇率波动程度也在一定程度上影响着汇率传递效应的发挥。文中根据不同的汇率波动幅度和不同的通胀水平将全样本分别分为两个子样本,建立VAR模型,利用累计脉冲响应函数来计算相应的汇率传递率并进行比较分析。结果表明,高通胀环境以及扩大的汇率波动程度都可以提高汇率传递率,使得在此情况下利用汇率政策来有效治理国内通胀成为可能。     

外汇储备成本分析及管理对策

近几年我国外汇储备大幅度增长,目前已经冲破6000亿大关,巨额储备背后的成本到底会有多大?中国又该怎样避免大的损失?文章通过对外汇储备成本的分析,提出科学管理我国外汇储备的方法。     

海事BGAN网络中安全隔离与信息交换系统设计方案优化

针对安全隔离与信息交换系统在岸船通信应用中,不能实时监测链路通断的难题,研究了现有的设计方案,并改进了其中的不足之处。从安全隔离与信息交换系统、协议转换器、路由器等网络设备的工作原理以及对传输链路的要求等方面分析,并通过OPENET软件模拟、性能测试实验验证了该方案的可行性和有效性,实现了实时监测链路通断的功能,增强了数据的保密性。     

China's Exchange Rate Reform and Exports

The paper argues that exchange rate reform is a vital supply-side factor in China's export growth. It contributes to China's export expansion by affording a realistic exchange rate and allowing freer access to foreign exchange, thereby leading to the reduction of anti-export bias and strong supply response. In an imperfect substitutes model, China's long-run export supply and demand functions are estimated in a system context. Evidence is found that the exchange rate reform is one of the most influential factors in China's long-run export expansion, inducing significant response of exports supply. In the short-run, the exchange rate reform and the export volume are also cross-linked through the error-correction process. China's exchange rate policy adjusts speedily to ensure the long-run equilibrium of the supply-side relationship and is likely to have played a dominant role in the adjustment. The study confirms, thanks to the exchange rate reform, China's exchange rate policy has benefited China's remarkable growth of exports before 1994.     

电子商务数据交换系统研究与设计

随着世界经济全球化的发展,企业迫切需要在更大范围内实现资源共享与数据交换。由于企业的平台和数据模式各不相同,传统的数据交换方式已经不能适应现代电子数据交换的需要,基于可扩展标记语言XML和Internet的新一代数据交换系统是未来的发展方向。本文采用XML和J2EE等技术研究适合电子商务应用的数据交换系统。在数据交换中,发送端的企业首先将XML数据文档发送到数据交换平台,由平台转换成符合接收端的企业数据模式的XML文档后发送给接收端,从而实现了企业间异构数据的交换。     

The Exchange Rate and the Trade Balances of Turkish Agriculture,Manufacturing and Mining

This paper investigates and compares the response to the exchange rate changes of trade balances of three Turkish sectors; agriculture, manufacturing and mining. The impact on trade balance of exchange rate changes is examined using the trade balance model employed in Bahmani-Oskooee [1985, Review of Economics and Statistics 67: 500]. Analysis is conducted based on the quarterly data from 1986: I to 1998: III. It is observed that in response to domestic currency depreciation trade balance of each of all three sectors first improves, then deteriorates and then improves again. Despite exhibiting similar pattern of reaction to the exchange rate change in the short run, long-run or overall response of trade balance differs across the sectors; while trade balances of both manufacturing and mining improve in the long run, agricultural trade balance worsens as a result of domestic-currency depreciation.     

党支部书记应怎样与职工沟通交流

良好的沟通交流能够有效地提高职工的工作效率。对于党支部书记来说,其与职工进行良好的沟通交流,能够帮助职工更好地释放自己的思想情绪,激发职工工作的积极性和热情,构建更加和谐的工作氛围,从整体上提高企业的工作效率与管理水平。论文主要对党支部书记应怎样与职工沟通交流进行了分析,希望能够找到党支部书记与职工进行有效沟通交流的途径,确保职工能够最大限度地发挥自身的作用和价值。     

本科生国际交流学分转换问题分析及对策研究

本科生国际交流是指中外高校之间通过签订校际交流协议,选派本校本科生到国外学校进行交流学习,并相互认可学生所修课程成绩和学分的人才培养模式。本科生国际交流在取得初步成绩的同时,也出现了一些问题,影响了国际交流的顺利发展。为此,建议我国高等教育管理部门尽快制定和完善高校学生校际交流的相关法规制度。同时作为高校,也应从加强部门的沟通,规范管理流程;加快学分制建设等方面进行改进,以保障本科生国际交流的顺利实施。     

Impacts of Monetary, Fiscal and Exchange Rate Policies on Output in China: A Var Approach

Applying the VAR model and using the interest rate as a monetary policy variable, we find that in the long run, output in China responds negatively to a shock to the interest rate, the real exchange rate, government debt, or the inflation rate, and it reacts positively to a shock to government deficits or lagged own output. When real M2 is chosen as a monetary policy variable, long-term output in China responds positively to a shock to real M2 or lagged own output, and it reacts negatively to a shock to the real exchange rate, government debt, or government deficits. Its response to a shock to the inflation rate is negative when government debt is used and is positive when government deficits are considered. In the short run, fiscal policy is more important than monetary policy in three out of four cases. In the long run, monetary policy is more influential than fiscal policy in three out of four cases. Therefore, the government may consider conducting monetary and fiscal policies differently in the short run and long run. The government needs to be cautious in pursuing deficit spending as its long-term impacts depend on the monetary variable employed. The policy of maintaining a relatively stable exchange rate is appropriate as the depreciation of the Yuan may hurt the economy in the short run.JEL Classifications: E5, F4, H6     

我国外汇储备现状及其应对策略

外汇储备是考察一国对外贸易和经济的重要指标,它是一个国家经济实力体现,近年来,随着我国经济的不断发展,进出口贸易规模不断扩大,伴之而来的是我国的外汇储备屡创新高,目前我国的外汇储备已经超过2万亿美元。如何正确面对并合理应对高额外汇储备,以确保我国经济社会的可持续发展,己经成为广泛关注的热点话题。针对这一严峻的现实问题,本文分析了我国外汇储备的现状,提出了相应的优化措施。     

我国体育国际交流功能和趋势研究

运用文献资料法、逻辑推理法,对我国体育国际交流功能模式及其发展方向进行研究。研究表明:建国初期我国体育国际交流主要为政治、竞技体育服务的二元功能模式;为政治服务的单一功能模式;改革开放时期的多元功能模式,逐渐朝弱化为政治服务功能,以寻求文化认同为核心的发展方向。     

Optimizing Location Among Three Countries Under Exchange Rate Uncertainty: Applying Real Options

This investigation extends the Batch Process Model [Lin et al. (2002). Journal of management and system 9: 173–196] from two productive locations between two countries to establish a decision valuation model for selecting the optimal location of three productive locations among three countries, respectively. A general form with the first order of degree homothetic production functions is also considered by the rule of decision-making in the proposed model. The firm is risk neutral and this study adopts the real options approach for valuing the behavior of the transferable location among three countries. Furthermore, using Dynamic programming and Lagrange Multiplies for a continuous-Time Model Optimization Problem to get a closed form solution of the threshold value, sensitivity analysis, and some characteristic strategies of the operating method for batch process model among three countries are sought, providing for another way of thinking.     

人民币汇率对贸易影响的实证分析:一个文献综述

本文从三个角度——研究视角、变量性质、计量模型发展,对当前汇率对贸易差额影响的文献进行梳理,认为下一步的研究,应该将研究的视角选择在不同国家不同地区不同行业上,使用双边变量,在综合考虑其他各种影响贸易的因素,如直接投资、财政补贴等,以结构向量自回归模型为基础,进一步的细分结构性冲击,结合经济理论以及前人的研究结果,综合运用各种约束方法对汇率对贸易影响的问题做进一步的研究。     

现代交换技术课程平台化互动型教学改革与实践

交换是通信技术的重要组成部分,交换技术是高等学校通信工程专业课中的主干课程。本文结合华北电力大学对毕业生的专业课教学调查,分析了教和学过程中的主要问题,提出了相应的解决途径,说明了现代交换新技术专业课程的教学组织方法。     

浅谈我国企业汇率风险的防范与应对策略

我国企业对外贸易中的汇率风险大多是由于汇率波动所引发的折算风险、利润风险以及汇兑风险等。目前,基于国际金融环境不稳定的背景下,在对外贸易中,我国企业汇率风险在不断地加大,所以,对汇率风险进行防范,进而确保企业经营成果是当前我国外贸企业必须迫切解决的现实问题。本文在分析汇率风险影响外贸企业的基础上,提出了如何对汇率风险进行防范的应对策略,旨在积极有效地规避汇率风险。我国企业只有在对外贸易中应该积极地采取一些应对汇率风险的措施,才能在动荡金融环境下获得生存,进而谋求长远发展。     

西方外汇干预预期传导途径理论演进——兼评当前金融经济形势下中国外汇干预实践

在西方各国从固定汇率制向浮动汇率制过渡的过程中,外汇干预的力度不仅没有被削弱,反而表现出不断加强的趋势。这与外汇干预稳定汇率预期、平滑经济波动的作用是密切相关的。中国自2005年7月宣布人民币汇率形成机制改革,参考一篮子货币进行调节以后,如何通过外汇干预引导市场预期,使汇率变动向有利于宏观经济稳定的方向发展,已成为学术界研究的热点。文章旨在总结西方国家外汇干预的预期传导途径理论,并将其与中国当前所面临的世界性次贷金融经济风险相结合,希望能为中国的外汇干预实践提供助力。     

调度交换机的日常维护与常见故障处理

电力调度交换机的运行维护对保证电网的安全运行十分重要。文章结合实际运行维护管理经验,介绍了Harris调度程控交换机的日常维护和故障判断、定位及处理方法。