中国外商投资企业税收政策的评价与完善

改革开放20多年来，中国对外商投资企业的税收政策经历了一个重规模到重质量、从以区域性税收优惠为主逐步到行业性税收优惠和向中西部地区倾斜的演变过程。中国对外商投资企业的税收政策产生了明显的扩大外商投资的吸引效应、经济发展的牵动效应和推进开放的示范效应，但也存在产业优惠政策不够集中明晰、对技术知识资本密集型的项目优惠范围偏小、东部区域优惠政策有待缩小甚至取消、地方政府收费项目繁多、优惠措施不够规范等问题。本还提出了克服上述缺陷的相应政策。     

浅谈外商投资企业减免税管理

税收作为分配范畴，是国民经济发展的一个重要杠杆，它的一征一免直接影响到国家的财政收入和企业的公平竞争。减免税政策是税收政策原则性与灵活性的统一，是对特殊情况实行特殊调节的一种手段。其目的是为增强企业活力，促进企业提高经济效益。     

完善非公有制企业税收政策研究

在国家有关税收政策的推动下,中国非公有制企业在30年来的改革开放中取得了长足的发展,为解决社会就业,积累社会财富做出了重要的贡献.中国现行非公有制企业税收政策中存在着许多问题,如税负不公、税收优惠政策不统一、力度不够及滥用"核定征收"等现象.今后,应从公平税负,建立促进非公有制企业发展的税收政策体系;加大税收优惠力度,强化政策导向;完善发展中小企业的税收政策等方面着手,保护非公有制企业的合法权益.     

完善支持企业自主创新的税收政策探讨

依据外部效应理论,面对国家竞争力和企业自主创新能力严重不足的现实,税收政策应积极支持企业自主创新。然而,我国支持企业自主创新的税收政策对支持谁、支持什么、怎么支持等方面规定含糊不清,有必要按照歧视原则和非歧视原则,明确规定企业自主创新的税收政策,支持积极开展自主创新活动或取得自主创新成果的内资企业或"三资"企业中的内资部分及其自主创新直接参与人,并以此完善相关税收政策。     

外商投资企业评价及其指标体系

评价外商投资企业效益是一个复杂而困难的问题。现在,我们对外商投资企业效益评价,既没有一个明确的质的规定性,也没有一个系统的量的评价指标体系。理论界和实际工作部门一般套用评价国营企业效益的质的规定和量的指标体系来分析。笔者认为这是欠科学的,且有较大的局限性。因为,外商投资企业是利用外资的特殊类型的企业,它与国营企业相比,在兴建目的、企业职能、经营目标、经营环境和经济政策等方面存在许多区别。     

我国外商投资企业外汇管理政策与实务

我国外商投资企业外汇管理政策与实务陆南屏，管涛（国家外汇管理局政策法规司）近年来，我国以快速的经济发展和良好的投资环境，成为国际投资的热点。１９９３年我国成为仅次于美国的最大资本输入国家。截止到１９９４年底，我国已累计批准外商投资项目２２１７１８个，...     

试析中国外商投资企业法律制度的完善

我国外商投资企业法已经实施多年,但仍然存在诸多问题.本文研究了国际投资法的发展现状及其趋势,并总结了我国在引进外资过程中存在的三大问题和我国外商投资企业法适用中存在的问题,从而提出了我国外商投资企业法律制度应该完善的四个方面.     

试析中国外商投资企业法律制度的完善

我国外商投资企业法已经实施多年,但仍然存在诸多问题。本文研究了国际投资法的发展现状及其趋势,并总结了我国在引进外资过程中存在的三大问题和我国外商投资企业法适用中存在的问题,从而提出了我国外商投资企业法律制度应该完善的四个方面。     

优化出口商品结构办好外商投资企业

据海关统计,河北省今年上半年共完成进出口总额２６．４５亿美元,比去年同期增长９．７％;出口完成１８．２３亿美元,同比增长７．９％,其中,外商投资企业出口５．８２亿美元,同比增长２４．７％,占全省出口的比重为３１．９％。到２０００年底,全省实际利用外资累计１２３．９１亿美元,共审批外商投资企业９５０７家,注册８９６３家,真正有外商投资的企业３９４１家,建立并正式投产的２０２８家,有出口实绩的８１６家,出口额达１０．１亿美元。河北省利用外商直接投资具有以下特点：第一,外商主要投资于基础设施和劳动密集…     

美国税收政策与企业的技术创新

当今,美国在众多的科技领域遥居世界之首,技术的创新与发展极大地推动着美国经济的持续增长,人们不得不对美国的科技政策体系刮目相看。可以认为,本世纪80年代以来,美国科技政策体系的核心在于增加科技投入,支持研究与开发（R＆D）。美国对R＆D的投入一部分来源于联邦政府每年的R＆D拨款预算,更重要部分是通过实施一系列的政策措施来鼓励企业增加R＆D的投入,如知识产权保护、税收、政府采购等。《研究与开发减免税法》是美国税收政策中支持企业技术创新的主要政策手段,自1981年实行以来,取得较好效果,成为市场经济下,政府激…     

论中国土地增值税的改革

关于中国土地增值税的改革思路,目前主要的观点有二:其一是"取消论";其二是"改革论"。本文认为:应该将中国的土地增值税改造成专门应对土地投机的"相机抉择"工具。为证明上述看法,本文集中考察了如下四个问题:一是述评土地增值税的税制要素;二是论证土地增值税打击土地投机的效应;三是比较土地增值税与其他土地政策的功能;四是论述中国土地增值税的改革思路。     

高新技术企业减税与企业创新

研究政府减税如何影响企业创新,对中国经济高质量发展意义重大。本文使用2008—2014年国家统计局全国创新调查企业数据库数据,运用动态面板门限模型并结合有效工具变量,研究高新技术企业减税对企业创新是否存在门限影响。研究发现：第一,高新技术企业减税对企业创新存在一个大小约为6500的“规模阈值”,15%的所得税优惠政策会促使高新技术企业的减税规模超过“规模阈值”,导致企业创新水平内卷化;第二,在同等条件下,相对于低研发强度的高新技术企业,高新技术企业减税对高研发强度企业创新的促进效应更强,尤其对员工物质激励水平和技术改造能力较高的高新技术企业,其减税规模对企业创新的促进效应更加突出;第三,在同等条件下,相对于欠发达地区的高新技术企业,高新技术企业减税对经济发达地区企业创新的促进效应更大。政府应对高新技术企业的减税规模设置一个上限,且所得税优惠税率应结合企业研发强度和地区经济发展水平进行浮动管理。     

THEORY OF THE STATE, GOVERNMENT TAX AND PURCHASING POLICY, AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Until recently, there has been virtually no discussion among professional economists of the impact of government expenditures on the distribution of income.¹ Neoclassical economics has traditionally shown little interest in distributional issues. Little is said beyond the assumption that factors are paid their marginal products. Micro economics is said to take a “neutral” stance with regard to distributional issues. Static efficiency of allocation is attainable for any income distribution, and consequently, so the parable goes, no income distribution is superior on purely economic grounds to any other. Macro economics also purports to be neutral with respect to distribution. Government expenditures in Keynes' model appear as an undifferentiated blob called “G”. The only interest macro economics takes in distribution issues is concerned with the marginal effect of redistribution on the marginal propensity to consume out of income. Keynesian economics, therefore, is unable to say whether one form of government expenditure is superior to another so long as both accomplish macro objectives. When orthodox economists have approached the issue of the government's distributional impact, they have until recently focused solely on its use of taxes and transfer payments. Public finance has traditionally ignored the expenditure side of state activity since, after all, government activity was a necessary evil, benefiting no one. Gillespie's path-breaking study in 1965 finally acknowledged the utility of government spending, but his analysis and those that have followed in the orthodox tradition have been hampered by a number of awkward premises. First, the orthodox studies of fiscal incidence implicitly accept the view of the government as a neutral arbiter rather than a protagonist of the dominant classes in society. Second, benefits of government services are assumed to be accurately measured by outlays. Thus, if we find that the government spends four times as much on highways as on police, it is assumed that the utility of highways is four times that of police even though one cannot even imagine the continuity of the status quo without the police while many responsible citizens argue that we should drastically curtail outlays on roads. Obviously, the utility of the police in terms of system maintenance exceeds that of the more expensive highway expenditures. Third, it is assumed that for each dollar spent by the government, only one person will benefit when, in fact, many disparate groups can benefit from the same expenditure. A dollar spent on education benefits the student as well as hislher employer. Fourth, Gillespie and his orthodox followers ignore any effect of the government on the pre-tax, pre-transfer distribution of income which they take as given. A hypothesis which we examine in this paper is that the government has an enormous influence over the shape of the pre-tax, pre-transfer income distribution. A more general criticism of previous studies of fiscal incidence is that they suffer from a poorly defined theory of the state. This assertion is most clzarly illustrated by the categorization in previous studies of a wide variety of public exp-enditures as “public goods” (such as national military expenditures). The benefits of these “public goods” are allocated among various income groups in several ways, for example on the basis of wealth ownership (both productive and consumptive) or on a per capita basis. The method of allocation chosen has enormous consequences for one's estimate of overall fiscal incidence. According to Herriot and Miller, those with incomes over $50,000 either receive a net benefit of 4.5 percent of their total income from the government or lose 42.1 percent, depending upon the allocation formula chosen for public goods. Previous studies have taken an agnostic position with respect to the appropriateness of the several allocative assumptions. But this is merely simple empiricism without theoreticai foundation, and thus the formulation of specific hypotheses which employ scientific procedures is impossible. What is needed to provide an interpretation of the data is a well-articulated theory of the state-an area to which we turn our attention in the next section of this paper.     

北京市外商投资零售企业区位选择研究

外商投资零售企业影响了北京市的商业空间结构，并给内资零售企业带来了双重的机遇和挑战。将北京市城区划分为三个基本圈层和两个过渡圈层，外商投资零售业主要分布在中间圈层。不同业态的零售企业在各圈层有不同的分布特征。新业态和更多门店的进入将使北京市零售市场的竞争趋于复杂性。在此基础上提出几点思考。     

GENDER AND PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CORRUPTION AND TAX EVASION

The topics of corruption and tax evasion have attracted significant attention in the literature in recent years. We build on that literature by investigating empirically: (1) whether attitudes toward corruption and tax evasion vary systematically with gender and (2) whether gender differences decline as men and women face similar opportunities for illicit behavior. We use data on eight Western European countries from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey. The results reveal significantly greater aversion to corruption and tax evasion among women. This holds across countries and time, and across numerous empirical specifications. (JEL H260, D730, J160, Z130)     

宏观税负实证分析与税收政策取向

在当前国内外形势下,税收长期过快增长,会加重企业和居民的负担,对刺激投资和消费、扩大内需、提高企业国际竞争力不利。从有利于经济持续发展来看,当前中国应采取适度减税政策。     

政策协同视角下的中央企业重组与国有资本配置效率

基于深化国企改革的政策协同视角,本文系统地考察了中央企业重组对国有资本配置效率的影响及作用机制。研究发现,中央企业重组能够长期性地改善国有资本效益,并且这一结果在不同重组方式下存在差异。机制检验表明,中央企业重组是通过降低成本、提高效率而非加剧市场垄断来提高国有资本效益的。进一步检验表明,深化国企改革,尤其是国有企业分类改革和改组组建国有资本投资、运营公司试点能够对中央企业重组起到政策协同效应。最后,中央企业重组还能够通过退市清算、产权转让等形式促使国有资本淘汰落后产能、化解过剩产能,同时布局重要行业并聚焦主业。本文的研究结论不仅及时回应了国企重组特别是央企重组效果及必要性的重要关切,而且为深入推进国企改革提供了有益启示。     

内外经济政策不确定对中国出口贸易及其发展边际的影响*

本文分析了国内和国外政策不确定对中国出口贸易及其分解的影响,探究了它们的作用差异、具体特点及影响渠道。本文研究发现,国内和国外政策的不确定均显著阻碍了中国出口贸易及其广义边际、集约边际的发展,且前者作用格外突出。同时,控制了经济运行周期、经济危机的影响后,本文的基本结论仍比较稳健。此外,扩展研究发现政策不确定对中国出口的作用还依赖出口市场特点、行业要素密集度和出口沉没成本等因素。最后,本文还利用微观数据进行了简单的机制验证。     

碳税政策效应理论研究评述

本文对国外有关碳税政策效应的理论研究进行了系统的回顾和梳理,分析了碳税的环境效应、经济效应、分配效应和福利效应,并比较了碳税与能源税、排污许可证交易制度在碳减排效果和政策成本方面的区别。本文分析表明,中国要实施碳税应充分借鉴国际经验和现有研究成果,并要结合我国经济社会的发展状况,作出进一步的理论分析与实证研究。碳税政策的制定,既要考虑自身的多重效应,又要仔细分析它与其他政策工具之间的相互影响。