捷克企业研发支出情况分析

近年来,捷克经济一直保持稳定增长,工业在国民经济中占有重要位置,具有较强创新能力。捷克企业研发活动活跃,是国家创新体系主体力量。本文研究了捷克企业近年来的研发支出情况,并对不同类型企业和不同行业领域的研发支出情况进行了比较和分析。     

捷克制定国家创新政策和措施

捷克政府2007年7月7日通过了政府决议,批准了新制定的《2005—2010年国家创新政策》,责成政府有关部门在文件规定的期限内贯彻落实具体措施。捷克国家创新政策出台的背景近几年来捷克政府在许多文件中表示,捷克在欧盟国家内原来以低廉的劳动力为竞争优势,但在知识经济条件下低成本经济不是可持续发展战略。只有通过创新才能保持不败,才能顺利发展。在亚洲其他人力资源大国不断崛起的情况下,国际竞争日趋激烈,捷克的发展不能停留在原有的模式上,应该关注企业的创新能力、人才的培养和科学研究。捷克科技的整体竞争力目前在欧盟国家中低于欧盟…     

研发创新、非研发创新对创新绩效影响的差异化——基于高新技术企业的实证研究

基于2013—2016年河北省高新技术企业的数据,从微观层面系统分析了研发创新和非研发创新对创新绩效的影响,以及来自不同行业的企业和处于不同成长周期阶段的企业在该影响上的差异。结果显示:研发创新和非研发创新均对整个高新技术企业的经济创新绩效产生了显著的促进作用,且内部研发创新的影响最大;非研发创新对企业的技术创新绩效具有显著的促进作用;对于来自不同行业、处于不同成长周期阶段的企业而言,研发创新和非研发创新对创新绩效的影响存在显著差异,甚至同一创新路径对来自不同行业的企业、处于不同成长周期阶段的企业的创新绩效可能产生完全相反的影响。     

税收优惠与企业创新绩效 ——基于研发投入和非研发创新投入的双重中介效应

税收优惠政策对企业创新绩效的影响广受关注,其传导机制更是一个有待深入探讨的问题。基于2000-2015年全国规模以上工业企业的省级面板数据,采用中介效应分析方法,研究税收优惠对企业创新绩效的影响,并运用面板门槛模型对两者之间的非线性关系进行探讨。结果表明:税收优惠一方面可以直接对创新绩效产生正向推动作用,另一方面可以通过研发投入和非研发创新投入发挥部分中介效应,间接提高企业的创新绩效,中介效应值为39.5%,且两者还存在着正向的协同效应。同时这种内在的传导机制存在着区域异质性:对于东部沿海地区而言,研发投入和非研发创新投入同时发挥中介效应;但是对于中西部地区而言,非研发创新投入的中介效应不显著。而且税收优惠对企业创新绩效的促进效果并非一成不变,而是随着研发投入和非研发创新投入的逐渐增加呈递增态势。因此,进一步地加大税收优惠力度的同时,合理规划自主研发和外源技术的资金安排,有利于实现企业创新绩效的最大化。     

不连续创新与纵向协同研发

分析了面向不连续创新的企业产品研发过程的特点和纵向协同研发的形式,提出面向不连续创新的研发过程也是营销过程,重点研究了纵向协同产品研发过程及其中的知识创造。针对不连续创新需要领先用户参与的特点,提出了建立外部连接的扩展型研发—市场界面管理模式。     

大陆台资企业研发创新问题分析

大陆台资企业多年来在研发创新方面发挥了积极的作用,但总体上研发创新仍显得较为薄弱。现阶段大陆台资企业在大陆市场上面临的挑战日益严峻,十分必要通过加强研发创新取得新的竞争优势,进而实现产业的转型和升级。大陆政府应积极为其营造良好的研发创新环境。     

国有企业研发人员创新激励模式设计

我国国有企业的创新能力一直处于较低水平,研发人员的创新能力不足制约着国有企业的创新发展.能否有效激励研发人员的创新积极性是国有企业提高创新能力的关键.文章从国有企业研发人员的创新激励因素出发,提出建立适合国有企业特点和研发人员需求的创新激励模式,以期实现对国有企业研发人员有效的创新激励.     

研发经费提高了创新数量还是创新质量?

中国创新规模较大但是创新质量水平相对较低。文章从宏观角度研究了企业研发经费、政府研发经费投入对创新数量、创新质量的贡献以及它们之间的互动关系。研究结果表明:企业研发经费投入与创新数量互动关系显著;无论是企业研发经费投入还是政府研发经费投入,均不足以有效推动中国目前较低的创新质量;政府研发经费绩效不高,只能间接带动企业增加研发经费投入;企业研发经费与政府研发经费具有正向互动关系;创新数量的提高会带动创新质量的提升。     

创新驱动下武汉市研发产业发展研究

随着国家创新驱动发展战略的提出,我国经济增长方式逐渐由要素驱动向创新驱动转变。如何发挥创新驱动力,成为国家及各区域经济发展的热点问题。武汉市作为中部崛起战略以及长江经济带的重要支撑,在创新驱动发展战略背景下,以科技研发为突破口,鼓励传统R&D活动向产业化、市场化发展,在发挥研发服务纽带作用的同时,将其发展成为一种新的产业模式,进而充分发挥科技创新驱动的力量,促进武汉市区域经济发展。     

Municipal Finance in Poland,the Slovak Republic,the Czech Republic and Hungary: Institutional Framework and Recent Development

The recent process of political and economic transition in eastern European countries has not only contributed to the decentralisation of political structure but also significantly enhanced the fiscal autonomy of municipalities in these countries. In this context many similar types of public activities have recently been assigned to local governments, and some taxes were also declared to be local taxes. To be sure, this type of fiscal decentralisation has caused some additional problems, particularly for safeguarding the quality of publicly provided goods and services and for co-ordinating intergovernmental fiscal transfers between the central and local governments. For instance, some criticise that many small-sized municipalities in the transition economies have suffered from financial bottlenecks and have not been able to receive sufficient financial support from the central government. However, such a fiscal devolution trend appears to continue. This study primarily deals with issues surrounding the impact of national fiscal policy and the regulatory framework on local governments' expenditure behaviour and their ability to mobilise necessary revenues under the particular consideration of the institutional and administrative co-operation with the central government and of the less well-developed financial market in Poland, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and Hungary.     

The influence of owners on voucher provatized firms in the Czech Republic

This paper analyses evidence gathered via a survey of former state enterprises in the Czech Republic to investigate how far these now privatized firms have been subject to the influence and control of their new owners, principally investment privatization funds. The paper summarizes the survey evidence and sets out its findings under two broad headings: First, the extent and nature of the way these funds have sought to exercies control over the firms they own; and second, the various facets of a firm's operations that have, or have not, been altered by the change of owner. The paper discusses the reasons behing the findings, arguing particularly that Czech voucher privatization, although in itself complete, should be seen and judged as the real privatization and not the finish.     

Use of social networks in banking: a study in the Czech Republic

Social networks are becoming more and more important nowadays. Apart from regular users of the Internet, companies have started to use them in their business. Their potential is that a great number of people, future clients of big companies, use them on a daily basis. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyse the use of social networks in the banking sector of the Czech Republic, particularly with respect to customer support. The methods of this study include common data analysis and professional analysis. Common data analysis consists of the evaluation of public data from social networks and web pages of the selected bank institutions. The professional analysis is conducted by paid professional analytical tools that provide more detailed statistics. The findings of the study show that social networks are now well-established tools for the Czech banks to attract both their current and potential clients. The Czech banks seem to care about their clients by trying to meet their needs. Customer care and services provided, however, differ with type of bank.     

Economic and clinical comparison of atypical depot antipsychotic drugs for treatment of chronic schizophrenia in the Czech Republic

Abstract

Purpose:

The Czech Republic is faced with making choices between pharmaceutical products, including depot injectable antipsychotics. A pharmacoeconomic analysis was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of atypical depots.

Methods:

An existing 1-year decision-analytic framework was adapted to model drug use in this healthcare system. The average direct costs to the General Insurance Company of the Czech Republic of using paliperidone palmitate (Xeplion®), risperidone (Risperdal Consta®), and olanzapine pamoate (Zypadhera®) were determined. Literature-derived clinical rates populated the model, with costs adjusted to 2012 Euros using the consumer price index. Outcomes included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), days in remission, and proportions hospitalized or visiting emergency rooms. One-way sensitivity analyses were calculated for all important inputs. A multivariate probability analysis was used to examine the stability of results using 10,000 iterations of simulated input over reasonable ranges of all included variables.

Results:

Expected average costs/per patient treated were €5377 for PP-LAI, €6118 for RIS-LAI, and €6537 for OLZ-LAI. Respective QALYs were 0.817, 0.809, and 0.811; ER visits were 0.127, 0.134, and 0.141; hospitalizations were 0.252, 0.298, and 0.289. Results were generally robust in sensitivity analyses. PP-LAI dominated RIS-LAI and OLZ-LAI in 90.2% and 92.1% of simulations, respectively. Results were insensitive to drug prices but sensitive to adherence and hospitalization rates.

Conclusions:

PP-LAI dominated the other two drugs, as it had a lower overall cost and superior clinical outcomes, making it the preferred choice. Using PP-LAI in place of RIS-LAI for chronic relapsing schizophrenia would reduce the overall costs of care for the healthcare system.     

Increased sorting and wage inequality in the Czech Republic

This paper makes use of a linked employer–employee dataset to examine the evolution of wage inequality in the Czech Republic during 1998–2006. We find evidence of slightly increasing returns to human capital and diminishing gender inequality and document sharp increases in both within‐firm and between‐firm inequality. We investigate several hypotheses to explain these patterns: increased domestic and international competition, decentralized wage bargaining, skill‐biased technological change and a changing educational composition of the workforce. Domestic competition is found to lower within‐firm inequality whereas we find no evidence that increased international trade at the industry level is associated with higher between‐ or within‐firm wage inequality. The key factors driving the observed increase in wage inequality are increased educational sorting and the inflow of foreign firms to the Czech Republic.     

Cost-effectiveness of denosumab versus zoledronic acid for preventing skeletal-related events in the Czech Republic

Aims: This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the subcutaneous RANKL inhibitor, denosumab, vs the intravenous bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, for the prevention of skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other solid tumors (OST) in the Czech Republic.

Materials and methods: A lifetime Markov model was developed to compare the effects of denosumab and zoledronic acid on costs (including drug costs and administration, patient management, SREs, and adverse events), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios from a national payer perspective. Different discount rates, time horizons, SRE rates, distributions, and nature (asymptomatic vs all SREs), and the inclusion of treatment discontinuation were considered in scenario analyses. The robustness of the model was tested using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results: Across tumor types, denosumab was associated with fewer SREs, improved QALYs, and higher total costs over a lifetime. The incremental cost per QALY gained for denosumab vs zoledronic acid was 382,673 CZK for prostate cancer, 408,450 CZK for breast cancer, and 608,133 CZK for OST. Incremental costs per SRE avoided for the same tumor type were 54,007 CZK, 51,765 CZK, and 94,426 CZK, respectively. In scenario analyses, the results remained similar to baseline, when different discount rates and time horizons were considered. At a non-official willingness-to-pay threshold of 1.2 million CZK, the probabilities of denosumab being cost-effective vs zoledronic acid were 0.64, 0.67, and 0.49 for prostate cancer, breast cancer, and OST, respectively.

Limitations: The SRE rates used were obtained from clinical trials; studies suggest rates may be higher in clinical practice. Additional evidence on real-world SRE rates could further improve the accuracy of the modeling.

Conclusions: Compared with zoledronic acid, denosumab provides a cost-effective treatment option for the prevention of SREs in patients with prostate cancer, breast cancer, and OST in the Czech Republic.     

Estimating the revenue losses of international corporate tax avoidance: the case of the Czech Republic

International corporate tax avoidance by multinational enterprises likely lowers the Czech Republic’s corporate income tax revenue, but it is not clear by how much. To clarify this I first review existing estimates of the revenue losses of international corporate tax avoidance to government revenue worldwide. I then discuss revenue estimates relevant for the Czech Republic and develop a few new, albeit only illustrative, ones. None of the existing research focused on the Czech Republic nor did the six recent international studies I examine provide reliable estimates for the Czech Republic. The extrapolations from these studies result in a revenue loss of a quite wide range with a median of 10% of current corporate income tax revenues. The other newly prepared estimates, based on firm-level and aggregate data, are of similar magnitude. I conclude with a discussion of these rough estimates as well as questions for further research and policy recommendations.     

The impact of Czech privatization methods on enterprise performance incorporating initial selection-bias correction1

Governments with transitional economies have applied different privatization methods, from an almost free distribution to the direct sale of state assets. While a free distribution was believed to ensure the political feasibility of the programme and its fairness, direct sales, (or more generally, standard privatization methods) had a significant advantage in creating concentrated ownership structures as the prerequisite to corporate control and restructuring. Many economists believe that the two goals of mass privatization, political feasibility and the creation of proper ownership incentives, contradict each other and recent empirical comparisons of enterprises seem to support this view. However, all empirical works have been based on the weak assumption that privatization methods were applied on a randomly selected sample of enterprises, which then allowed for a direct comparison between these enterprises. Our main claim is that governments actually selected enterprises non-randomly and therefore, the resulting selection-bias must be incorporated into the analyses. To show this, we apply a Heckman two-step regression method on a sample of 559 Czech enterprises. The main point of this paper then is that performance is influenced by the selection process and that the combination of vouchers with outsider owners is preferred over 100 per cent voucherization.