Market Power, Industrial Concentration and Innovative Activity

This paper discusses the paradox between the positive effect of industrial concentration on R & D spending, and its non-positive effect on the number of innovations. Also, I analyze whether concentration has different effects on small- and large-firm R & D. The analysis shows that the positive effect of industrial concentration on R & D spending is at least as strong for small firms as it is for large firms within an industry, which indicates that the possession of market power is not in itself conducive to innovative effort. In addition, high concentration appears to be attended with a loss of efficiency in R & D spending.     

Market Power and/or Efficiency: A Structural Approach

This article separates oligopoly-power and cost-efficiency effects ofchanges in industrial concentration and assesses their impact on output prices in 32 food-processing industries. Empirical results indicate that although concentration inducescost efficiency in one-third of the industries, oligopoly-power effects either dominate cost efficiencyor reinforce inefficiency, resulting in higher output prices in most industries. The articlealso provides fresh econometric estimates of oligopoly power and economies of size for the industriesin question.     

Measuring Market Power and Cost-efficiency Effects of Industrial Concentration

In this paper I show how Appelbaum's framework for testing price-taking behavior in a single industry can be formally extended to consider concentration explicitly. In so doing, I separate the market power effect of concentration from its cost-efficiency effect. Data from the US beef-packing industry are used to illustrate an empirical application of the model. The findings support oligopsonistic market power and slaughter-cost efficiency in the industry. However, the cost-efficiency effect outweighs the market-power effect.     

Estimating Market Power with Weak A Priori Information: An Exploratory Approach to the Model-Specification Problem

Choosing the wrong theoretical model to describe an industry??s behavior may lead to biased estimates of the degree of market power. This paper presents a two-step, data-driven methodology to reduce the risk of mis-specification bias. In the first step, a sliced inverse regression identifies the significant factors that affect the industry??s pricing behavior. In the second step, a non-parametric regression of price on the SIR factors estimates the link functions. The output of the algorithm offers useful information to identify the model that best approximates the industry??s pricing behavior. In addition, the output of the algorithm is used to develop a post-estimation test for model specification.     

Market Diversion and Market Power: California Eggs

Allegations of price-fixing by US egg producers maintain that the industry’s strategic use of export programs softens competition in the domestic market. This study provides an empirical investigation into these allegations using retail market data from a specific California retail market. Our findings suggest that the antitrust complaints have economic merit, but the deviations from competitive behavior are small.     

Estimating Market Growth for New Products: An Analogical Diffusion Model Approach

There has been a lot of interest in diffusion models as a basis for prelaunch estimates of the sales of new products, and indeed there have been several models developed that have achieved fairly good acceptance by new product managers. One of the limitations of such models, however, has been the requirement that a sales history for the new product, even a short one from a test market, for example, be available to derive the parameters of the model. For some types of products—consumer durables, services, industrial products, for example—a sales history isn't available. In this article, Professor Robert Thomas suggests some steps toward the development of models that incorporate the attractive features of diffusion models. His approach is to use, in a systematic way, the sales histories of products that can be considered to have analogous features from a buyer's point of view. He illustrates the approach by forecasting the sales of a new service.     

电力市场中的市场势力及其治理

电力市场中市场势力受供给和需求刚性、市场竞争政策和制度安排，以及输电堵塞等因素影响表现出特殊性。电力市场势力不仅受到主导企业市场份额的影响，还更多地受企业之间战略相互作用或博弈效应、市场需求弹性、竞争性边缘企业供给弹性、边缘企业的市场份额等因素的影响。这些因素与电力生产经营过程中的技术性结合在一起，使规制很难有效进行，在电力市场中产生了明显的市场势力结果。限制电力市场中市场势力的根本途径是设计特别的市场竞争政策和交易制度。     

Measuring Market Power in the U.S. Aluminum Industry: A Residual Demand Approach

This paper applies a refined market power test to examine market power in the U.S. aluminum industry. The study conducts a two-step analysis in which the inverse residual demand facing the industry is first estimated to generate the associate elasticity to infer market power, and then the inverse partial residual demand facing the industry is estimated to produce the elasticity to measure the potential effect of inter-industry coordination. The results suggest that only the primary industry attains market power, and the market power can exert even without collusion between the primary and secondary industries.     

地方保护与市场分割:来自中国的经验数据

在中国市场上，存在促进分割和促进融合的两种因素，地方保护主义程度的变化趋势，取决于这两种力量的对比。本文首先简要对国内研究地方保护主义的多种测量方法进行综述．然后运用国际上测量综合贸易壁垒的“边界效应”方法对中国的贸易壁垒分地区分行业进行实证分析。研究表明，根据边界效应方法．1997年中国地方保护相当于欧洲统一大市场内部独立国家之间的情况；具体地，在八个行业部门中，农业保护最为严重。商业运输业其次，紧接着是轻工业、采选业、重工业等。这表明国内市场一体化还很不完善．其中第一、三产业保护较重，第二产业相对较轻。因此有必要针对不同行业特点制定和谐的贸易体制，加快国内市场一体化建设．以保证我国“十一五”期间经济全面协调发展．     

Market Power and Technology

It is well known that market power depends on the price elasticity of demand and the intensity of competition. It is also well known that technology can influence market power through its effect on market structure. However, there is limited research on the direct link between market power and technology. In this paper, we investigate this relationship. We find that the monopoly price can be constrained to be identical to marginal cost under certain technological conditions. We also show how market power depends directly upon technology, holding constant demand conditions, market structure, and the degree of competition.     

电力市场化改革与和谐电力建设

我国电力工业的市场化改革如何与建设和谐电力相协调,或者说,我国电力市场化改革如何促进,而不是削弱和谐社会的建设,是摆在我们面前的一项重大课题。本文就当前要研究解决的一些具体问题,提出了思路或对策建议。建立合理的电力市场体系国务院5号文明确了电力体制改革的总体目标是“打破垄断,引入竞争,提高效率,降低成本,健全电价机制,优化资源配置,促进电力发展,推进全国联网,构建政府监管下的政企分开,公平竞争,开放有序,健康发展的电力市场体系”。建设区域电力市场是在较大范围内优化资源配置的需要,但同时,区域电力市场交易和跨区交易…     

电力营销自动化：供电企业自动化系统的重要部分

北京供电公司作为特大型供电企业,2002年实现电量销售370亿kWh,销售收入达180亿元,相比去年增长了11%,而员工总数不增反降。这其中,用电营销自动化技术起到了至关重要的作用。本文就自动化需求、关键技术、现状与发展、脚踏实地开展工作作了评述。     

厂商市场份额的品牌经济模型及其现实解释

厂商的市场份额决定了其利润率,从而决定了厂商能否在残酷的竞争中生存、增长与发展。而在经济过剩的条件下,消费者的选择决定了厂商的市场份额,货币价格与品牌及品牌信用度决定的选择成本作为消费者选择和购买过程中的局限条件制约和影响着消费者的选择与购买。本文建立起引入品类需求强度系数、价格、选择成本的需求函数,并以此模型解释了厂商市场份额的决定是通过价格机制与品牌机制共同作用而实现的。在理论分析的基础上,对大量的现实进行了解释,在验证该模型的同时,对未来市场竞争及厂商市场份额做出了预测。同时,本文提出了提高厂商市场份额与定价权的＂品类需求强度—品牌信用度＂二维模型,并分别从开发具有较高品类需求强度的品类市场和提高品牌信用度的品牌建设方面给现实中的厂商提供了相应策略。     

电力市场：双边交易与竞价交易

进行市场交易结构的设计是建立电力市场的首要任务之一。市场赋予市场主体自由决策、自主交易的机会和权利，但这并不意味着市场主体的行为就可以毫无约束。为了兼顾提高经济效益和规避市场风险，必须根据客观条件，兼顾各市场主体的需要，对市场交易结构和交易机制进行设计，建立一系列法规、规则来规范市场主体的行为，建立合理的市场机制。市场设计以及法规、规则的建立和完善无法由市场自动完成。     

Linking of Manufacturing Strategy,Market Requirements and Manufacturing Attributes In Technology Choice: An Expert System Approach

This paper suggests a framework for acquisition of new manufacturing technology that links the manufacturing strategy, market requirements and manufacturing attributes using an expert system approach. This paper takes a closer took at traditional notion of manufacturing-marketing coordination and attempts to find its links with manufacturing capabilities provided by recent evolving new manufacturing technology. For this purpose we deal with different steps involved in the strategic evaluation process beginning with the choice of a suitable competitive strategy by a firm. Then the chosen competitive strategy is linked with the market requirements, system attributes and appropriate manufacturing technology choices. The proposed model is integrated by an expert system approach that includes strategic factors of both a tangible and an intangible nature and is implemented by using the VP-Expert shell.     

德尔菲法确定市场比较法调整系数的实证研究

文章分析目前市场比较法估价中区域因素调整系数确定方法的局限性,提出运用现代技术测定方法--德尔菲法确定区域因素和个别因素调整系数.结合具体房地产估价案例,实证研究了德尔菲法确定区域因素内容、不同因素的影响程度(权数),以及区域因素调整系数的基本过程,运用这一方法确定区域因素等房地产估价有关参数和调整系数的可行性和有效性.     

国际电力市场解读与我国电力市场发展

以英国电力市场循序渐进的发展历程为例,与美国加州电力市场危机作对比,分析了国外电力市场改革的经验与教训,并由此提出了我国电力市场改革在竞争、监管与垄断、电力规划、电价机制、电力投融资等方面应注意的事项.     

2006年电力工业十件大事

全国电力供需实现基本平衡；“十一五”电力发展与改革方针确定；我国核电发展目标确定；电力节能减排工作全面推进；深入论证和验证特高压输电技术。     

Concentration and Market Structure in Local Real Estate Markets

The competitiveness of the residential real estate brokerage industry has attracted much attention. Anecdotal evidence suggests some local markets are concentrated, yet no systematic market structure study has been conducted. We collected cross‐sectional data on real estate brokers in 90 diverse markets across the United States and collected longitudinal data for Louisville, Kentucky. In medium and large markets, no evidence exists that market concentration might create problems for competition. Small markets, on average, have higher Herfindahl‐Hirschman Indexes than medium and large markets. The longitudinal data reveal that many small brokers sell a house or two one year and none the next year.