中国与美国、加拿大报务贸易发展比较分析

随着世界经济重心向服务业倾斜,服务业在国民经济中的地位不断上升,促进和带动了服务贸易的快速发展。服务贸易已成为一国经济发展中新的增长因素,日益发挥着重要作用。中国服务贸易由于起步晚、基础差等因素导致发展仍相对滞后,与美国、加拿大在发展速度、贸易结构及法律政策完善程度等方面都存在较大差距。因此,为促进中国服务贸易发展,应充分发挥政府作用,加大对服务贸易的支持和保护,放宽市场准入,扩大对服务贸易领域的对外开放,积极开发新兴服务业,大力发展服务外包业,加快人才培养,提升服务业竞争优势。     

Market Price of Risk: A Comparison among the United States,United Kingdom,Australia and Japan*

This study examines and compares the market price of risk of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, All Ordinaries, and Nikkei 225 markets from 1984 to 2009 in the framework of Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). We follow the Vector Autoregressive instrumental variable approach in identifying the risk and hedge components of market returns and argue that in the context of market integration, covariance with a world market portfolio is a better measure of market risk than conditional market variance. Evidence is documented in support of using covariance as a risk measure in explaining market risk premiums in the Australian and Japanese markets. CAY, the consumption wealth ratio from the US market is found to be a robust state variable that helps to explain both conditional variance and covariance processes in the four markets. The market prices of risk, after controlling for the hedging demands, are positive and significant with the United States having the highest price of risk. The results are confirmed using a series of robustness tests that include varying the sampling interval.     

Business negotiations in Canada,Mexico, and the United States

The determinants of business negotiations in three countries are investigated in a laboratory simulation. One hundred thirty-eight businesspeople from the United States, 68 from Mexico, and 148 from Canada (74 Anglophones and 74 Francophones) participated in a two-person, buyer-seller negotiation simulation. The negotiation styles of the Francophone Canadian and the Mexican businesspeople were found to be significantly different from both the American and Anglophone Canadian styles.     

Restaurant Marketing Strategies in the United States and Canada

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the similarities and differences in the marketing strategies implemented by family restaurants in Canada and the United States to meet the needs of their customers. A census of 101 restaurants in three contiguous regions of Quebec, Ontario and Northern New York was visited. Systematic observations using a detailed grid of variables were compiled for each establishment. More similarities than differences were found, indicating that similar marketing strategies could be used successfully by restaurants in the United States and Canada.     

United States Trade in Consumer Products

The United States has experienced a large trade deficit in consumer products. This paper argues that the deficit is due in part to the institutional and behavioral frameworks in which consumer products are marketed. The existence of an effective mass distribution system, a large market relative to promotion expenditures and the change-orientation of the consumer can influence greatly the ability of nations to expand markets and stimulate sales of consumer products. These factors prevalent in the American economy have attracted imports. In contrast, their absence in the economies of our trading partners has limited our access to foreign markets. Policy implications of this situation and areas for further research are identified and discussed.     

MNE—Government relations: Strategic networks and foreign direct investment in the United States in the automotive industry

The purpose of this article is to present the outlines of a new theoretical perspective on MNE—government relations within the context of foreign direct investment in the United States. The theoretical perspective is based on the concept of transorganizational strategic networks. The perspective is a microlevel perspective that treats business and government organizations in a disaggregated manner; it further treats those organizations as being involved in complex relationships that include both conflicting and convergent interests. The organizations and the subunits within them are thus assumed to be both adversaries and partners in strategic networks that constantly change and that cut across conventionally conceived organizational boundaries.     

Motives for foreign direct investment in the United States

As foreign direct investment becomes an important element of the global marketplace it is important to understand why firms use FDI as an investment option. This article reports research that identifies motivations that influence factor‐ and market‐seeking inward FDI in the United States. Based on a study of 127 foreign companies investing in the United States, the research identifies motivators that differentiate and explain these two types of investment behaviors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Retailing in Canada and the United States: Historical Comparisons

Although Canada and the United States are comparable in many ways, the retail environments of these two countries are not identical. This paper explores the evolution of the retail environments of both countries to identify the sources of these differences and provide prospects for the future. It appears that the differences in retail environment observed have their origins in population differentials and differing cultural philosophies of the countries. Although the retail environments of Canada and the United States have been converging for some rime, it is unrealistic to expect that the differences will disappear.     

Patterns of Self-Efficacy Within NAFTA: United States,Canada, and Mexico

Self-efficacy has been shown to be a key attribute of successful business leaders and in today's global economy, must be studied in terms of patterns of crossvergence. The paper examines both individual characteristics (gender, age, work experience, and management experience) and culture as they relate to self-efficacy in North America. Women in our sample had slightly lower self-efficacy, which increased with work and management experience. Age and membership in an individualistic culture were not related to self-efficacy; in fact, our Mexican participants demonstrated slightly higher self-efficacy propensities. These results suggest that organizations might consider devoting special attention to development of mentor and other programs particularly to females initiating their career. However, expected cultural patterns relating to self-efficacy might not hold as strongly, particularly with empowered groups such as executives and MBA students. Individual characteristics, particularly experience levels, have a greater impact on self-efficacy and should receive heightened considerations when organizations are making selection and other personnel decisions.     

Action,regulation, and response: The tobacco industry in the United States and Canada

One of the discoveries of the New World was tobacco. It was brought to Spain by Columbus and other explorers and used for a multitude of medicinal purposes, but not until Sir Walter Raleigh brought tobacco to the English throne, explaining that the native peoples smoked this leaf, and started using a clay pipe in 1586, did smoking tobacco become known and accepted in Europe. From these beginnings in what would become Virginia, the United States tobacco industry of today grew. Today, tobacco generates some $45 billion profits for the publicly held companies in the United States, while in Canada in 1983, the sale of cigarettes alone generated Canadian $62.7 billion.     

Fair Trade Standards,Corporate Participation,and Social Movement Responses in the United States

This article examines the development of and contestation over the standards for certified fair trade, with particular attention to the U.S. context. It charts fair trade’s rapid growth in the United States since the 1999 advent of formal certification, explores the controversies generated by the strategy of market mainstreaming in the sector, and focuses on five key issues that have generated particularly heated contention within the U.S. fair trade movement. It offers a theoretical framework based in the literatures on agrifood systems, social movements, and public-choice economics, for understanding the corporate response to alternative markets such as fair trade. The article suggests a typology of responses by social movement actors to this increased corporate participation, and assesses the relevance of the U.S. case for the future prospects of fair trade, both in other national contexts and as an international movement.     

Allies and Friends: The Trade Policy Review of the United States, 2006

The 2006 WTO Trade Policy Review of the United States reveals that national security concerns have become a dominant influence on US trade policy since 2001. This paper argues that direct and indirect effects of this influence have been deleterious to the multilateral trading system. Security concerns have led to an embrace of bilateralism that bears little relation to US commercial interests and will arguably detract from ongoing efforts at multilateral trade liberalisation. Security concerns have also led to a substantial change in customs and inspection procedures for goods bound for the US, which could swamp tariffs in terms of their trade‐inhibiting effect. Finally, the unpopularity at home of US military actions abroad has weakened the US President and opened the door for rising protectionism in Congress.