生物技术——21世纪粮油饲料食品工业发展的重要技术

<正> 1 生物技术的涵义 生物技术是应用自然科学及工程学的原理,依靠微生物、动物、植物细胞及其产生的活性物质,作为某种化学反应的执行者,将原料加工成某种产品来为社会服务的技术。生物技术产业是利用细胞和生物分子进行药品、农产品生产开发和环境治理的产业,该产业技术由医药生物技术、农业生物技术和环境生物技术共同组成。医药生物技术重点攻克癌症、艾滋病、老年     

农业生物技术研究发展动态

综述了农业生物技术，包括转基因植物、克隆动物及重组农用微生物三方面国内外研究的最新进展。简述一些主要的工程生物品种的试验情况和商品化前景，指出２１世纪将是农业生物技术应用的大发展时期。     

生物技术的应用前景分析

生物技术的发展为人们的日常生活带了非常多的改变,在日常生活的各个领域当中,生物技术的应用都是非常广泛的,对于生物技术的研究应该随着时代发展的变化不断的推进和深入,无论是在技术的研发上还是人才的引进和培养上,生物技术的发展都需要我们给予更多的关注。本文通过对生物技术的应用现状进行分析,发掘生物技术的潜在应用前景,实现对生物技术的更长远的发展,拓宽生物技术的发展渠道。     

网络时代高校对大学生信息素养培养之浅谈

通过对贝14断块布达特群油藏的地质情况和开发特征的分析,研究了油藏在目前井网情况下水平井开发的适应性,结果表明油藏不再适宜用水平井开发.为了达到为苏德尔特油田潜山油藏的水平井井网开发提供参考的目的,之后研究了在油藏未开发情况下水平井井网开发的适应性,结果表明油藏也不适宜用水平井井网开发,且由于油藏天然裂缝的发育,周期注水能比持续注水起到更好的效果.大学阶段的学习是高级教育阶段,是各种专业能力形成阶段.社会需求的复合型人才是我们当今高校培养学生的最终目标.培养大学生的信息素养对于学生的成才是十分重要和迫切的.信息素养具有丰富的内涵,信息素养培养是一个系统工程.本文论述了信息素养培养的方法与途径.     

浅析基因工程技术在食品中的应用

生物技术应用于食品有着悠久的历史,随着生物技术的蓬勃发展,对于促进食品的发展有着巨大的贡献.近年来基因工程技术的发展为食品提供了新的发展契机,也为世界所面临的粮食短缺以及品质要求找到了新的解决途径.本文介绍了基因工程在食品工业中的应用.     

对加强我国农业生物产业技术经营的经济学分析

现代分子生物学的一连串突破性进展,在分子水平上建起了现代生物技术平台,为生物产业的成长和壮大提供了广阔空间,而农业是现代生物技术应用的重要领域,极具产业化潜力。从经济学的角度出发,分析农业生物产业技术创新与经营的主体要素、功能要素和环境要素,探索和设计适合于我国国情的从基础研究、应用研究、推广应用到产业化及市场开发的自主创新经营体系,构建研发机构—企业—政府—市场良性互动机制和实现路径,从而提出相关政策建议。     

生物技术在粮油食品中的应用

生物技术主要包括基因工程、微生物工程、发酵工程和酶工程,其应用推动了粮油食品工业快速发展。基于此,本文介绍了生物技术在粮食食品原料生产、储藏、加工、副产品加工各环节的应用。     

生物工程设备浅谈

生物工程设备就是生物工程类工厂或实验室为生物反应提供最基本、最主要、能够满足特定反应工艺工程的专门技术装备或设施。微生物工业生产中,生物工程设备的优劣是整个生产的关键,直接影响产品的质量和经济效益。生物工程设备是现代生物技术成果产业化的桥梁。     

跨境资本极端流动的分类与测度:国外研究述评及补充

跨境资本的极端流动与金融危机的密切关系引发了极端流动的研究热潮。要研究跨境资本的极端流动问题,首先需要了解极端流动的特征、分类及测度方法。本文主要目的是梳理国外在这方面的研究成果并在研究过程中对跨境资本极端流动的部分分类方法提出一些改进的建议。在此基础上,本文提出了一种新的测度总资本和净资本极端流动的方法,以此来更清晰地定义各种类型的极端流动。以发生过金融危机的四个新兴市场国家为例,对此方法的可靠性进行检验,结果显示:该方法能清晰区分出各国发生不同类型的跨境资本极端流动的时期,而且得出的极端流动时期与实际情况非常相符,表明该种测度方法是有效和切实可行的。这一研究结果为未来研究跨境资本极端流动的其他问题提供了新的途径。     

食品检测中生物技术的有效应用研究

随着现代社会经济的不断发展,人们对食品安全的关注度也在不断上升,食品检测是一项不容忽视的问题。在食品检测工作中,生物技术发挥着非常大的作用,使得检测结果更加准确,而且耗费的成本也比较低。基于此,本文对食品检测中生物技术的应用展开分析,了解微生物与食品安全之间的关系,并分析生物检测技术在食品检测中的有效应用,为食品检测准确性的提高提供保证。     

Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?

This paper addresses the following subjects: biotechnology and consumers, concern about risks, consumer acceptance, labelling of foods produced using biotechnology, the legal approach to consumer protection, and consumer protection policies relating to biotechnology products in the European Union, the United States, Turkey and global institutions such as the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is likely that biotechnology will gain ground much more rapidly in the twenty‐first century than in the past. Despite rapid, detailed and precise advances in gene technology, its applications have not been the received with a great deal of consumer enthusiasm. Consumers have approached genetically modified foods with considerable apprehension and opposition. Consumer concerns about bioengineered food products focus on the questions of human health, environmental and social risks and benefits. The most important stages in the process of marketing new foods produced using biotechnology are to demonstrate user need and consumer acceptance. Generally, the technical complexity of biotechnology makes it difficult for consumers to understand details of the product and the specific attributes of biotechnology applications. Scientific uncertainty, the nature of consumer concerns and general reluctance to accept biotechnology products, increase the importance of consumer protection. Legal protection is a very important factor in the solution of new social problems related to technological advances. More specifically, consumer and environmental law support consumer protection related to foods produced with biotechnology. The basic principles of consumer law can be re‐formulated as consumer rights. Environmental law is a new phenomenon, but precautionary principles and public participation in decision‐making for environmental law are relevant to consumer protection relating to bioengineered food products.     

On Linking Business Ethics, Bioethics and Bioterrorism

The 20th century produced overwhelming advances in biomedicine with the 1990s introducing 148,000 patents as part of the mapping and sequencing of the human genome. Bioethical realities and debates of prenatal genetic testing, new reproductive technologies, stem cell research, human cloning and DNA data banks have obscured the less provocative public and social issues of gun control, immunization, employee leave programs to assist care for dying relatives, emergency room use as primary care sites by the uninsured, and medical care provision to the homeless. With the events of September 11, the focus has shifted to bioterrorism: an international and global concern that portends broad environmental consequences while requiring a local, community response of which the business enterprise is a part. The tension that results from a required local and global response to bioterrorism and biotechnology by the business community forms a dialectic and provides a venue for addressing business ethics in an international forum. This paper explores the relationship of events and its meaning for business. Part I provides the background of biotechnology and bioterrorism and how the two form a dialectic reality that shapes ethical debate. Part II presents provocations and questions for an emerging ethic based on the integrative response from the public health, medical, business and religious communities. Four areas for business contribution in shaping emerging ethics in the age of biotechnology—bioterrorism are suggested.     

The effects of business–university alliances on innovative output and financial performance: a study of publicly traded biotechnology companies

Companies in the biotechnology industry face major challenges in developing and commercializing new products. Focusing on publicly traded biotechnology firms that are not members of university incubators or research parks, this paper argues that the links these companies develop with universities can have beneficial effects on a company's operations. Analysis of 2457 alliances undertaken by 147 biotechnology firms shows that companies with university linkages have lower research and development (R&D) expenses while having higher levels of innovative output. However, the results do not support the proposition that companies with university linkages achieve higher financial performance than similar firms without such linkages.     

Ingredients in the Early Development of the U.S. Biotechnology Industry

This paper explores the ingredients that stimulated the development of the biotechnology industry in the US and contrasts conditions with those in Europe. It examines relationships between established firms and new start-ups; the financing and managerial environment and the organizational environment, whereby firms were able to set up networks of alliances. Its main findings are that: 1) The funding of the medical science research base has been substantially more generous in the U.S. than Europe. It is the funding of the science base rather than of the biotechnology industry directly that has provided the foundations for start-ups to be created out of the science base. 2) It has been easier for U.S. academics to found start-ups, close to their research establishment, and to retain their academic posts and status as well as be involved in a commercial enterprise. In Europe, the scientific/academic and commercial worlds have a wider divide. 3) Start-ups have been concentrated in the therapeutics and agricultural fields, with strong scientific research inputs into their commercialization, in contrast to other sectors where downstream processing innovations have been more important, which have been undertaken in-house by the large incumbent companies. 4) Financing and managerial conditions have been significantly easier in the U.S. for start-ups, in terms of access to venture capital specialising in high technology, ability to use the stock market to raise capital, and access to people able to forge links between scientists and entrepreneurs, and to introduce managerial expertise into new companies. 5) There has been a greater facility in the U.S. than in Europe for alliances to be formed between incumbent companies and indigenous U.S. start-ups; European start-ups have not found similar backing from European incumbent companies.     

石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用

本文重点论述了现代生物技术应用于石油化工领域的发展现状及发展趋势，指出利用生物技术深度开发石油、天然气资源将极大地推动石油化工工业的发展，石油、天然气资源的生物技术利用是新世纪生物技术重点开发方向。     

Corporate reputations in UK biotechnology: an analysis of on‐line ‘company profile’ texts

Internet technology is creating a new corporate communications framework, which is affecting communication channels, corporate audiences, message content and form, communication feedback and corporate personae. Confronted with a complex communications environment, which is characterized by many conflicting views and highly sensitive topics, biotechnology companies have to transmit a clear and powerful message to their target audiences. This study analyses the projection of corporate images in the ‘company profile’ texts published on‐line by biotechnology firms in the UK.     

现代发酵工程技术在食品开发中的应用

发酵工程在生物技术中占有重要地位,只有通过发酵工程,才能使基因工程或者细胞工程获得的特殊性状的细菌实现工业化生产,最终获得生物技术的生产效益和经济价值,即发酵工程是生物工程产业化的基础。发酵技术虽然古老,但是由于现代物技术研究成果的转化,为其注入新的内容,使传统的发酵工艺焕发新的生命力,使微生物发酵制品的品种不断增加。基于此,简要综述现代发酵工程技术在食品领域的应用及进展。     

New Biotechnology Firms in Germany: Heidelberg and the BioRegion Rhine-Neckar Triangle

In Germany, in the second half of the nineties, a dynamic development of commercial biotechnology took place, undertaken by a considerable number of new firms. The following article deals with the foundation of biotechnological firms in the BioRegion Rhine-Neckar Triangle (with the center in Heidelberg). For a long time, the development of biotechnology in Germany and in the Rhine-Neckar Triangle was hindered by institutional barriers. The main reasons were the narrowing of company strategies of big chemical and pharmaceutical firms, the low impulses to found biotechnology companies out of academic research, the institutional surroundings not aligned to the needs of biotechnology (e.g. no venture capital market) and finally government restraints concerning the specific and particularly regional concentrated support of biotechnology. These particularities are also reflected by the structure of the population of young companies in the Rhine-Neckar Triangle. The main emphasis of biotechnology firms is placed on technological services (research on demand) and platform technologies, different sub-areas of therapeutics research (pharmaceutical basic materials, finding active substances), on the production for the diagnostics industry and on bioinformatics. These companies do not co-operate much, national and international relations predominate. Only a few scientists of regional research institutions want to found a biotechnology firm, although the region seems to attract a certain number of company founders from other regions.     

The Competencies of Regions – Canada's Clusters in Biotechnology

Knowledge-intensive industries tend to concentrate geographically, because of the many spillovers that they generate. Thus new biotechnology firms often set up in regions that have innovative firms, government laboratories and universities, which attract them to enter. In this paper we unveil some of the characteristics of Canadian clusters in biotechnology: the key regions, their relative importance, and the main firms and government laboratories that attract new entrants. Moreover, we develop the concept of regions as nexus of competencies, a notion already put forward for firms, but that may be relevant to regions within nations and, ultimately, to nations as well. Capabilities of organizations and regions vary, and a thorough study of organizational and regional capabilities should precede the analysis of knowledge spillovers.Toronto is the main center of biotechnology in Canada, followed by Montreal, and Vancouver. The total population of the metropolitan area (a proxy for immediate market size and venture capital) explains the size, location and characteristics of most Canadian clusters. University research is also a key factor explaining the size of the biotechnology clusters, once population is held constant.Within nations, scientific and technical competencies vary strongly among regions. Some regions within countries concentrate a disproportionate share of the capabilities of all developed and developing nations. Moreover, regions tend to concentrate competencies on a few domains of expertise. This is what literature calls "agglomeration effects": companies active in the same field of technology tend to cluster geographically. They do so in order to share a common labor pool, and to obtain ready access to research institutions such as government laboratories and universities, or to key markets and customers, such as large assemblers or government facilities (Feldman et al., 1999). The specialized literature calls these institutions and key markets/customers "entry attractors" (Swan et al., 1998).In many types of science-based industries (SBIs), such as biotechnology, information technology and advanced materials, the major attractors are universities and government laboratories. In a few more mature SBIs, including aerospace and aircraft, large assemblers tend to naturally attract smaller producers of, components and specialized software.In this respect Canada is similar, to other nations (Niosi, 2000). Its competencies cluster around a few large and medium-sized urban agglomerations, such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Edmonton, and Calgary. Specialized clusters have also developed around smaller cities. This study builds a theory of the competencies of regions using biotechnology as a case study. Government laboratories, as well as universities and a few large firms, attract entry. The goal of the paper is to examine – using quantitative data – the relative competencies of regions in biotechnology, and the role of NRC laboratories and university research.     

Biotechnology Firms in Sweden

The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of the strategies that biotechnology firms in Sweden implement, how they manage to keep their competence ahead and how they finance their research. Their main factor of success is the ability to rapidly identify the latest research findings from academia and turn them into commerciable technology. The collaboration with academia is thus an important part of the networking strategy of the biotechnology firms in Sweden. Outsourcing parts of their activities keeps the firms flexible, which is necessary in this high risk business.Whether a firm chooses an intermediary or integrating position is not found to be correlated to age or size. It is instead heavily influenced by the strategies of large pharmaceutical companies, the nature of the firms' core technology, expectations of investors and the overall access of capital. The private capital market in Sweden has undergone a change during the last years. New marketplaces for young, innovative firms have been created in Sweden and their existence is most likely one reason for the increasing presence of venture capitalists in the country. That, in turn, increases the opportunities for new firms within biotechnology to develop in Sweden.