欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国中药出口的影响及应对策略

欧盟是中国中药出口的一个关键市场,其设置的绿色贸易壁垒对中药出口的影响不可小觑。笔者查阅大量文献和数据,通过对中国中药出口面临的欧盟绿色贸易壁垒情况以及对中国中药企业存在的影响分析,针对性地提出应对欧盟绿色贸易壁垒的策略     

中国医药产品面临的技术性贸易壁垒及应对策略研究

我国医药产品的出口长期未能摆脱以附加价值低的原料药为主、中药产品国际市场份额小、成药产品无法出口的格局,其主要原因是由于发达国家在药品进口上设置的多重技术性贸易壁垒成为我国医药产品无法逾越的篱墙.本文分析了我国医药产品面临的各种技术性贸易壁垒,并结合我国医药产业存在的问题就跨越壁垒的对策进行了探讨.     

浅析绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响

本文从绿色贸易壁垒的概念入手,对绿色贸易壁垒理论进行概述,联系我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的现状,剖析了我国农产品受阻绿色贸易壁垒原因。最后,从我国农业发展的实际情况出发,提出了一些可操作性的对策建议。     

我国纺织品服装应对绿色壁垒的策略研究

本文从纺织行业的现状出发,对商品出口面临的主要影响因素进行详细的分析,并通过配额时代前后的特点进行对比,分析我国纺织服装业面临的主要问题以及和发达国家之间的差距,并对绿色贸易壁垒进行动态分析与研究。为我国纺织服装业如何应对不断发展变化的绿色壁垒,提高企业自身的绿色竞争力,提出可行的方案。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国纺织服装出口的影响及对策

在世界贸易自由化的发展进程中,随着传统贸易壁垒的逐渐弱化,绿色贸易壁垒正在迅速成为一种新的非关税壁垒。中国是纺织服装出口大国,由于绿色服装的意识和能力比较脆弱,致使出口屡屡受阻于发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。本文分析了绿色贸易壁垒的产生及对我国纺织服装出口的影响,并提出相应的对策。     

绿色包装壁垒对我国食品出口的影响

目前,绿色包装已成为影响各国出口商品国际竞争力的重要因素之一。我国的食品出口企业要达到世界各国对商品包装提出的新法规和新标准,打破绿色贸易壁垒,就必须跟上国际绿色包装的潮流,树立环境意识,更新包装观念,大力发展绿色包装。文章分析了我国食品出口遭遇绿色包装壁垒的原因,以及绿色包装壁垒对我国食品出口造成的影响。提出政府机构应当加强法制建设;扩大环保包装的宣传力度;从政策、资金上对绿色包装给予支持;利用WTO的有关规则充分保护我国利益。食品出口企业必须更新包装观念,开发新型材料,使用绿色标准和绿色制造模式,尽快生产出绿色包装产品,才能应对日益激烈的世界市场竞争。     

基于企业全生命周期环境成本的绿色贸易壁垒应对问题研究

绿色贸易壁垒大大增加了我国企业的环境成本,阻碍我国企业对外贸易的发展.本文分析了绿色贸易壁垒的现状,指出了绿色贸易壁垒对企业环境成本的影响和二者之间的内在联系,提出运用全生命周期成本法,对企业环境成本进行系统、全面的控制,以应对绿色贸易壁垒的挑战,增强我国企业的国际竞争力.     

金融危机冲击下我国医药出口的对策

国际金融危机的爆发导致了全球经济的衰退,在我国众多行业出口受到严重阻碍的情况下,医药行业出口保持了较平稳的发展。尽管如此,受金融危机的影响,我国医药出口同样也面临一定的困难,文章对此进行了分析,并针对我国医药出口的未来形势,提出了相应的对策措施。     

管理文摘

企业如何实施绿色营销加入WTO后,制约我国商品出口的关税及传统非关税措施将逐步减少或取消,但某些发达国家却利用环保之名实施绿色贸易壁垒,从而直接影响我国对外贸易的发展。绿色壁垒的主要方式有:绿色关税制度、绿色技术标准制度、绿色环境标志制度、绿色包装制度、绿色卫生     

中国医药制剂出口欧美市场初探

目的 为中国医药制剂出口欧美市场提供参考.方法分析我国医药制剂出口欧羡市场所面临的机遇与挑战,提出相应的对策与建议,结论中国制药产业应当顺应全球医药制造中心向亚洲转移的趋势,克服自身不足,积极参与医药制剂的国际生产,买现产业升级     

“绿色壁垒”对石化企业的挑战

分析”绿色壁垒“产生的原因,背景及企业应对”绿色壁垒“的紧迫性,并提出了石化企业迎战”绿色壁垒“的对策。     

Innovative productivity and returns to scale in the pharmaceutical industry

This study shows that firms in the pharmaceutical industry experience decreasing returns to scale in R & D as the level of R & D expenditures rises. The paper presents the results of our study of the innovative output of 16 pharmaceutical firms over a 19 year period. Given the strong correlation between R & D budgets and firm size, our study suggests the wave of mergers in the industry may yield less innovative productivity than managers expect.     

The degree of competition in the advertising industry

After a merger wave began among advertising agencies in the late 1960's, the Federal Trade Commission investigated the anticompetitive effects of the mergers and concluded that the industry would remain competitive. In this paper, we employ a method suggested by Bresnahan to investigate the issue of competition in the advertising industry. The method uses industry-level data over the period 1972–87 to consider the determinants of supply and demand for advertising messages and to calculate the degree of market power on the supply side of the market. Statistical results support the hypothesis that the industry was competitive over this period.We thank Robert Coen of McCann-Erickson, Inc., for providing data on advertising costs and expenditures and W. Bradford Todd of the Richards Group for information about the industry. Lacy Glenn Thomas directed us to McCann-Erickson. We also thank James C. Murdoch, two anonymous referees, and the Editor, William G. Shepherd. Pornpong Sumanun provided research assistance. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Geographic Market Definition in the Merger Guidelines: A Retrospective Analysis

Since the initial Merger Guidelines in 1968, the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission have revised their merger enforcement screen over the course of six versions. This article examines the evolution of the geographic market component of the Guidelines and the economic implications of changing standards of market delineation on merger enforcement. Using an illustration from the beer industry, we chronicle the development of geographic market definition and its varying effects on merger enforcement over the past 50 years.     

Economic Analyses of Mergers at the FTC: The Cruise Ships Mergers Investigation

This paper provides an overview of how economists atthe Federal Trade Commission assess the potentialcompetitive effects of mergers, with a focus on thetypes of quantitative analyses frequently employed.The paper first outlines the general approach employedat the Federal Trade Commission to review mergers.The paper then describes analyses done in theinvestigation of proposed mergers in the cruiseline industry as a specific example. Of particularinterest in this example are the analyses used toassess the potential for coordinated interaction asa result of the merger.     

The “Own-Brand Marketer” Debuts in the 1997 Census

The 1997 Census of Wholesale Trade has led the way by recognizing and reporting the activities of a huge, new type of business that has grown explosively over the past 20 years. The Own-brand marketer (O-BM) performs all the functions traditionally bundled with domestic manufacturing except that production is typically outsourced offshore. Previously, O-BM sales and margins had been intermingled with those of several functionally incompatible types of wholesalers, causing serious misinterpretations and distortions in many domestic and foreign trade-related measures of industry performance. The 1997 Census will substantially alleviate these problems.     

When are assets complementary? star scientists,strategic alliances,and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry

To answer the question of when are assets complementary, we investigate specific resource combinations along the value chain, focusing on two mechanisms that are central to combining resources for innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: recruitment and retention of star scientists, and 2) engagement in strategic alliances. We propose that resource combinations that focus on the same parts of the value chain are substitutes due to knowledge redundancies. Conversely, we hypothesize that resource combinations that link different parts of the value chain are complements due to integration of nonredundant knowledge. To test these hypotheses, we empirically track the innovative performance of 108 global pharmaceutical firms over three decades (1974–2003). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Economics at the FTC: Drug and PBM Mergers and Drip Pricing

Economists at the Federal Trade Commission pursue the agency??s competition and consumer protection missions. In this year??s essay, in antitrust, we discuss two recent mergers that involved Rx drugs: First, we describe key elements of the inquiry into the Express Scripts/Medco transaction in the pharmacy benefit management industry. Next, we analyze a merger that involved drugs that are used to treat patent ductus arteriosus: a condition that affects premature babies. On the consumer protection side, we discuss a pricing strategy??drip pricing??that involves the release of price information about a multi-part product over time as the consumer goes through the purchase process.     

Reasons for corporate research and development spin‐outs – the chemical and pharmaceutical industry as example

The spin‐out of research and development (R&D) activities from established companies has increased during recent years. The reasons for realising corporate spin‐outs, especially regarding the involvement of financial investors, were investigated based on 30 European case studies within the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The reasons can be categorised into two groups: an investment and a divestment rationale. Whereas the chemical industry uses both rationales, there are only divestment cases in the pharmaceutical industry. The investment cases within the chemical industry show that R&D spin‐outs can make an important contribution towards the flexibilisation and performance improvement of a company's internal R&D. The divestment cases show that R&D spin‐outs can be a suitable possibility to continue promising R&D activities. The survival rate of the analysed spin‐outs is high and numerous new jobs have been created in the past years, especially in pharmaceutical spin‐outs.