利益集团参与公共政策过程研究——基于协商民主的视角

市场经济和民主政治的发展必然会导致社会利益的分化与重组,不同利益集团向公共政策过程施加影响的冲突对构建和谐社会造成挑战。协商民主无疑是平衡不同集团利益格局和解决矛盾的路径。通过逐步促进利益集团政策参与的合法化、培育利益集团的公民文化、重塑利益集团的协商伦理及增强利益集团的合作博弈,找到协商民主与利益集团参与政策过程相结合的契合点,从而充分发挥利益集团参与政策过程的积极作用与影响,促进公共决策的科学化、民主化。     

利益集团政治影响的经济学分析:一个理论综述

利益集团对政治过程有着重要影响。经济学家们的研究表明,利益集团的形成和发展是个人理性选择的结果,集团参与政治决策的过程类似于某种特殊的市场交易,诸多模型刻画了理性的个人选择通过集团政治活动影响政治决策的作用机制。作为政治产出的需求方,利益集团间相互竞争,通过捐款、游说等行为影响政治决策过程。作为供给方的政治家(政府官员)为了赢得尽可能多的选票,必须综合考虑各方的利益,制定具体政策。利益集团的政治活动会产生再分配效应和产出效应,并对社会福利产生复杂的影响。     

构建以人为本的公共政策制定模式

改变传统的政策制定模式,必须树立以人为本价值取向。构建以人为本公共政策制定模式,必须将人民利益作为根本出发点和归宿,让公众充分参与公共决策,强调公共政策目标的立体化,逐渐形成新的公共政策制定模式。     

政策执行的梗阻与消解——以政策网络为视角

造成政策执行梗阻的因素是多方面的,既有公共政策问题本身的因素,也有公共政策制定的因素,还有公共政策以外的因素.这些因素从不同方面影响和制约公共政策主体的有效执行.文章拟从利益需要产生行为偏差为视角分析政策产生梗阻的原因,运用政策网络治理方式来消解政府政策梗阻.政策网络是通过政府、非权利公共组织、相关利益集团的协调互动中展现出来,以政策网络为视角来消除政策的梗阻,无疑对我国政府治理实践和行政改革有很好的借鉴意义.     

公共政策执行主体的困境:个体理性与公共理性的冲突

理性是现代公共政策的基本价值观。在公共政策的执行过程中,由于个体理性和公共理性的冲突,公共政策的执行主体在政策执行过程却陷入了种种困境个体利益与公共利益的冲突,短期利益与长期利益的冲突,价值目标与执行手段的冲突。为此,我们有必要通过合理的制度供给促使公共政策执行主体在政策执行中走出困境,实现个体理性与公共理性的统一。     

《自由选择》:利己是比刻意利他更有效的利他

在现实世界中,官员追求个人利益而非"社会利益",他们必然会在制定和执行公共政策的过程中,利用手中的公共权力,公开或隐蔽地为自己谋求好处.另一类常见的交易是议员通过有利于某些工商集团的立法,以得到这些利益集团的政治捐款.在法治薄弱的新兴市场国家,政府高官的家族直接经营商业和企业.     

环保NGO的公共政策参与行为研究——以怒江水电开发一案为例

虽然我国NGO对公共政策的影响总体上还很有限,但其影响也在逐步显现,尤其以环保NGO对公共政策的影响最为活跃和发达。环保NGO的发展对我国环境保护、公众参与机制形成、政府决策民主化和科学化等具有十分积极的作用。本文以具有里程碑意义的怒江水电开发被搁置一案为例,从公共决策形成的角度分析了当前我国环保NGO在公共决策中发挥的作用。     

西部亟盼民间智库

一个民间智库高度发达的西部,公共决策的广受好评仅仅是其中一个方面,更重要的是,思想高产的中国西部,也是软实力强大的西部。转眼间,我国西部大开发战略已进入新十年的第二个年头。笔者发现,西部地区县域官员对于县域公共政策的认知大多还是不全面的,县级政府公共决策的步骤仍然没有真正的理顺。诸如县(市)级领导拍脑袋决策、地方利益裹挟全局利益、政策出台后拒绝批评等等劣习,仍然可以从不少官员在公共政策制定或者政策执行的过程中得以窥见。     

利益表达在公共政策中的作用及其完善机制

社会转型期,原有社会阶层的分化与重组形成了不同的利益群体。利益群体的多元化必然带来利益需求的多样化,加之随着我国民主政治的不断完善,民众越来越强烈地意识到必须将自己的意愿传递给政府,使之影响公共决策过程,从而维护并实现本群体的利益,而这一切又必须通过完善的利益表达机制来实现。现阶段,利益表达机制在公共政策中发挥着越来越重要的作用,重视其制度化、法制化建设,提高政府的政策回应度,使之真正成为构建和谐社会的“安全阀”已成为当今工作的重中之重。     

利益集团在东西方国家的不同作用——以中国、美国为例的对比分析

文章拟从影响公共政策制定及对公共权力的监督等角度进行对比分析,着重探讨利益集团在不同经济和政治制度背景下所起的不同作用,借鉴美国的成功经验,以期对利益集团正在发展中的中国提出指导建议.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.