大兴安岭天然樟子松林种子植物区系研究

根据野外调查,统计出大兴安岭天然樟子松林含种子植物42科119属239种;对大兴安岭天然樟子松林的种子植物区系分析表明:该植物区系属于温带性质的,且较年轻,但有许多种的分布中心偏北,突出表现了寒温带森林的特点。     

扎龙国家级自然保护区的种子植物区系研究

扎龙保护区共有种子植物５２６种,其植物区系是温带性质,组成较丰富,地理成分较复杂。地理联系广泛;属世界分布的植物多。深受华北植物区系的影响,并无特有种。扎龙保护区植物组成中长白植物区系成分占２９．８４％,华北植物区系成分占２７．３２％,蒙古植物区系成分占２３．３３％,大兴安岭植物区系成分占１９．５１％,反映出植物区系组成的混杂性。     

上海市海岛种子植物区系特征分析

上海市海岛共有种子植物314种,隶属于206属69科,其科包含6种分布型,属包含15种分布型。通过对上海市海岛种子植物区系的组成、地理成分、区系特征进行分析,得出主要结论如下：植物区系组成复杂、地理成分多样;广布性成分比例高、呈现出从热带向温带过渡的趋势;滨海植物区系丰富。     

三江平原洪河自然保护区植物多样性研究Ⅰ水冬瓜-丛桦-小叶章沼泽化草甸

水冬瓜-丛桦-小叶章沼泽化草甸是三江平原洪河国家级自然保护区草甸植被的重要类型之一;组成植物62种．隶属于28科45属。其中温带分布属27个．占65．85％,以长白、大兴安岭植物区系成分为主;生活型谱以草本地面芽和地下芽植物占优势。     

兴凯湖国家级自然保护区种子植物属的区系分析

黑龙江兴凯湖国家级自然保护区地理位置独特,具有国际重要意义。保护区内种子植物共有92科266属517种,植物种类丰富;单种属和寡种属的比率高,达到该区总属数的94.74%;地理成分复杂,共有12个分布区类型和10个变型,温带区系性质明显;植物区系起源古老。     

三江平原地区杂类草沼泽植物群系α多样性特征

通过对三江平原地区杂类草沼泽的调查,初步确定了15个群系类型,并运用α多样性指数即常用的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种多样性指数3个指数来测度各群系的多样性特征。     

大兴安岭呼玛县五味子分布区种子植物区系分析

五味子(Schisandrachinensis)为五味子科多年生木质藤本植物,是我国重要的中药材之一,在我国最北分布于大兴安岭呼玛县境内的呼玛河流域及黑龙江沿岸沟谷;其分布区有种子植物60科167属317种;该区系地理成分较复杂,具有14个种子植物属的分布类型,其中属温带分布成分的132个属占总属数的79.04%,为植物组成的主体,形成了与大兴安岭其他地区植物区系特征的差异,表明与五味子在其他分布区的植物区系的联系性。     

逊别拉河流域湿地种子植物组成及区系地理成分分析

逊别拉河流域湿地种子植物共有71 科218 属461 种,植物区系组成中最大科是菊科,其次为毛茛科、禾本科和莎草科;除世界分布科外,温带分布科占第一位;属的地理成分中以北温带(含变型)占优势,有102 属,占总属数的62.04%;种的区系以温带成分(74.15%)占绝对优势.区系特征表现为:优势科现象明显,单种属和寡种...     

黑龙江兰远草原自然保护区种子植物组成及区系地理成分分析

黑龙江兰远草原自然保护区种子植物共有53科177属363种,植物区系组成中最大科是菊科,其次为禾本科和莎草科;除世界分布科外,温带分布科占第1位;属的地理成分中以北温带(含变型)占优势,有69属,占总属数的51.49%;种的区系以温带成分(79.69%)占绝对优势.区系特征表现为:优势科现象明显,单种属和寡种属占据比率较高;地理成分优势性显著,来源较广泛.     

黑龙江省中草药资源与开发利用的展望

一、我省中草药资源概况黑龙江省是我国最北部的省份,幅员辽阔,面积为四十六万余平方公里。本省绝大部分地处温带,仅大兴安岭北部属寒温带。从植被区域来讲,我省兼跨全国八个植被区域中的三个区域,即:温带针阔叶混交林区域(包括我省东部山区、小兴安岭及完达山区);温带草原区域(包括我省的松嫩平原);寒温带针叶林区域(大兴安岭北坡)。这种一省兼跨三个植被区域的情况,在全国是比较少的。另从植物区系来讲,我省跨有东北地区四个植物区系中的三个植物区系,     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.