中国与主要贸易伙伴的双边贸易自由度——基于新经济地理学的一个衡量

新经济地理学的研究表明,反映运输成本和双边贸易自由化水平的贸易自由度指数(IndexofFree-ness)可以利用双边贸易和生产数据获得。本文根据世界银行提供的生产和双边贸易数据库测算了1987~1997年中国和主要贸易伙伴之间的双边贸易自由度指标。我们的研究发现,中国与主要贸易伙伴的贸易自由度在不同的行业上表现出程度不同的逐年递增趋势。此外,中国对外贸易的自由度尚处于较低的水平,对外贸易的潜力巨大。     

技术性贸易措施对发展中国家的福利影响分析

随着经济全球化和贸易自由化的发展,关税壁垒以及传统的非关税壁垒显著减少,技术性贸易措施(TechnicalMeasurestoTrade)已经成为一些发达国家新贸易保护主义的利剑,严重地影响着发展中国家的对外贸易。本文通过建立局部均衡模型,重点分析了技术性贸易措施的贸易对发展中国家的福利影响,并得出了应对技术性贸易措施的政策建议。     

20世纪发展中国家对外贸易及发展战略演进

发展经济学在不同阶段的发展思路和指导方针,决定了上个世纪发展中国家对外贸易发展战略的演进历程.从强调以进口替代为主的内向型发展战略到实行以出口替代为主的外向型发展战略,再到进一步关注区域贸易制度的创新,实行区域一体化的对外贸易发展战略.从总体上看,这一演进历程促进了发展中国家的对外贸易政策与优化本国产业结构、加快资本积累以及技术进步等目标的有效结合,从而为发展中国家自身经济目标的实现创造了有利条件.     

制度因素与双边贸易:一项基于中国的经验研究

本文采用假设因素检验模型对 2 0 0 2年 1 33个国家和地区与中国双边贸易的截面数据进行了分析 ,发现对双边贸易影响最大的制度因素不是交易国的经济制度 ,如贸易政策、货币政策等 ,而是交易国影响企业运行费用的制度和正式约束的法律制度 ,如工资政策、黑色市场交易、对私有财产的保护程度、法律法规的完善程度等。在此基础上 ,本文定量地测定了制度因素对双边贸易的影响 ,对中国制订贸易战略具有一定的参考价值     

经济全球化进程中发展中国家贸易自由化所面临的问题

经济的全球化发展使世界各国之间联系日益密切,推动了各国贸易自由化的迅速发展。但是,全球化是一个发展不平衡与不平等的过程,这导致发展中国家在其贸易自由化过程中,面临诸多问题,包括:贸易条件恶化、自由化收益甚微,以及执行乌拉圭回合协议的问题等。为促进发展中国家的经济发展,各方应充分考虑发展中国家的实际情况,允许后者以自己的方式,灵活地参与到全球化的进程中,真正推动其贸易自由化的发展。     

加入WTO与发展中国家的市场制度建设

关于一国加入WTO的影响,一般集中于产业层次和社会福利变化方面的讨论。本文另辟蹊径,以分析入世对发展中国家国内制度的影响为切入点,运用大量的数据对样本国入世前后不同阶段制度各方面所受到的不均衡影响进行了经验分析。结果表明,入世不仅为发展中国家的贸易自由化和经济市场化提供了外部压力,还在具体的内容上有明显的约束性和引导性。     

自然人移动对双边贸易的影响——以美国为例

本文在分析自然人移动对双边贸易影响渠道的基础上,运用修正后的贸易引力模型,以美国为例,对自然人移动对双边贸易的影响进行实证分析,结果显示自然人移动对双边贸易有着积极影响。据此本文认为,自然人移动服务贸易的自由化有利于贸易国社会福利水平的提高。     

贸易自由化对总失业的影响——以发达国家与发展中国家贸易为例

本文基于一个贸易和失业的模型,研究发达国家与发展中国家贸易是否对发达国家的失业率产生影响.通过面板数据的回归结果发现,发达国家与发展中国家的贸易水平越开放,失业水平越低,在控制了工会密度、就业保护立法指数等变量的情况下,估计结果具有稳健性.基于解释变量内生性下的滞后变量回归也得到了相同的结论.另外,针对发达国家与发展中国家双边贸易的不同成分,分别从高、中、低端制造业贸易层面研究发现,发达国家与发展中国家贸易中,低端制造业产品占的比重越大,发达国家面临的失业率越高.     

中国对外贸易成本的测度方法与决定因素——一个基于面板数据的衡量

测度中国对外双边贸易成本和探求贸易成本的决定因素对我国的开放政策有重要的启示意义.本文借助改进的引力模型测度了中国与15个主要贸易伙伴国1993-2007年的贸易成本,并利用面板数据对其进行分解,以此寻找是哪些因素影响了中国的对外贸易成本.回归结果显示,与贸易伙伴国的人均收入之差、贸易国自身的开放程度、与贸易国有共同的海陆边界以及历史贸易联系等因素有助于降低中国与贸易国的双边贸易成本,而两国之间的空间距离对贸易成本的影响并不确定.     

自由贸易区(FTA):推动我国对外贸易发展的新引擎

随着世界经济一体化程度的加深,国际贸易自由化的趋势不断加强,自由贸易区不仅成为各国实现世界贸易组织"全球贸易及投资自由化"宗旨的间接手段,而且成为各国实行对外开放、推动对外贸易和经济发展的直接手段。目前我国的对外贸易形势越发严峻,国内外一系列影响我国对外贸易发展的不利因素,其长期性和不确定性的特点,对我国的对外贸易发展构成了现有和潜在的威胁,不利于我国对外贸易的健康和持续发展。自由贸易区的建立不仅有利于扩大我国的进出口,还有利于增进投资、实现市场多元化,同时提升我国对外开放的水平,是推动我国对外贸易发展的新引擎。     

Determinants of bilateral trade: evidence from ASEAN+3

In this research, we investigate the determinants of international trade, employing a dataset of bilateral trade and economics characteristics in the ASEAN+3 countries. We include a large number of independent variables that potentially drive international trade. We also use various standard gravity model variables to maintain consistency with the current literature. The results provide some important insights into the determinants of bilateral trade and offer policy implications regarding the promotion of international trade for governments worldwide. In particular, we find that output asymmetry between countries positively explains bilateral trade. Moreover, the findings suggest that making use of comparative advantage by differentiating the export product structure is important in promoting international trade. We do not find a consistent impact from bilateral exchange rate volatility on bilateral trade. This result points to the importance of providing opportunities for the hedging of currency uncertainty to avoid its adverse effects on trade. The results for other standard gravity model variables are consistent with the results of previous theoretical and empirical research.     

Bilateral Trade Performance in West Africa: A Gravity Model Estimation

This study provides empirical insights on the functioning of regional trade agreements within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) by identifying bilateral trade barriers that affect the extent of trade flows among member countries. Also, it highlights some trade barrier indicators that are rarely covered in extant studies, such as the multilateral resistance term, the extent of trade complementarity, and the presence of economic integration agreements among ECOWAS member countries. We then provide augmented gravity model estimation on the determinants of bilateral trade in the region. We find, among other things, that trade complementarity had a positive and significant effect on bilateral trade within the sub‐region region. Other important determinants of intra‐regional trade include multilateral trade resistance and economic integration agreements — meaning that countries with some kind of agreement like the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) tend to trade more among themselves than other member countries.     

The Gravity Equation in International Trade in Services

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of various factors on bilateral services trade, relative to that on bilateral goods trade. To accomplish this purpose, using the standard gravity model, we ran regressions on bilateral services trade and goods trade between 10 OECD member countries and other economies (including OECD member and nonmember countries) for the years 1999 and 2000. One main and interesting result is that services trade is better predicted by gravity equations than goods trade. Another interesting result is that there is a complementary relationship between goods exports and services imports. JEL no. F10, F20, L51, F80     

The roles of cultural and institutional distance in international trade: Evidence from China's trade with the Belt and Road countries

Cultural distance and institutional distance have been playing increasingly significant roles in international trade. Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China has drawn worldwide attention. This paper examines the roles of cultural distance and institutional distance in China's trade relationship with the Belt and Road (B&R) countries. We estimate the extended gravity model using bilateral trade data at product-level during 2002–2016 between China and 99 trading partners, 38 of which are along the Belt and Road. Using Poisson generalized estimating equations (GEE) econometric methods, we find that firstly, cultural distance and institutional distance inhibit China's bilateral trade with the Belt and Road countries. Secondly, China's bilateral trade with the B&R countries is more sensitive to the change of cultural distance than institutional distance by comparing their beta coefficients. Thirdly, compared to Asian countries on the Belt and Road, bilateral trade flows between China and European countries show less sensitivity to changes in cultural distance, except China's imports from its trading partners. While the trade effects of institutional distance show no difference between China's trade with European countries and Asian countries. Lastly, the announcement of BRI does reduce trade-inhibiting effect of cultural distance on China's trade with the Belt and Road countries, while increase China's exports sensitivity to institutional distance. This study finally suggests relevant cultural exchange driven by the BRI eventually assisting unimpeded trade and deepening the cooperation.     

Is SAARC a viable economic block? evidence from gravity model

Intra-South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) trade appears to be very small compared to other existing regional blocks. This might be because of normal outcome or because of unexplored trade opportunity. If the latter is the case, then increased trade within this region might be welfare improving. This study attempts to make a formal analysis of these issues, and estimates a gravity model of international trade to examine whether intra-SAARC is lower or higher than what is predicted by an economic model. This gives an idea about the structure of comparative advantage in the SAARC countries that helps to explain why intra-SAARC trade is low and how trade among them can be increased. It also helps us to understand the possibility of trade creation and trade diversion effect resulting from South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangements among SAARC countries. Whereas the gravity model has been extensively used to measure bilateral trade among countries, they have, to the best of my knowledge, never been used to measure intra-SAARC trade. Our gravity model results suggest that SAARC member countries are yet to achieve trade-creating benefits. Appropriate policies need to be formulated for more regional integration. Liberalization of trade in SAARC countries offers significant gains for all the economies in the region. Efforts should be made to liberalize border trade and strengthen bilateral trade relations through the removal of tariff and nontariff barriers in the general framework of South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangements.     

我国对新兴市场的出口潜力研究——基于贸易引力模型

通过构建贸易引力模型来测算我国对其他新兴市场国家和发展中国家的出口潜力,认为我国应当积极拓展对其贸易不足的国家。通过对进口国家的政局和市场因素,以及国内的政策、商品和企业等5个方面分析,分别从政府部门、金融保险机构和企业等部门寻求措施来拓展新兴市场和发展中国家市场。     

贸易引力模型对中国新疆与中亚四国贸易流量的实证检验及出口潜力分析

文章采用2005年中国新疆及哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、土库曼斯坦、塔吉克斯坦四个国家的出口贸易流量的截面数据,通过贸易引力模型进行实证检验。实证表明：GDP、空间距离以及上海合作组织这三个因素对上述国家和地区间的双边贸易具有明显的影响。文章通过实际双边贸易额与模型预测贸易额的比较,对上述国家和地区间双边贸易发展潜力进行分析和估计。     

中国对外双边贸易成本的测度研究——以亚洲贸易伙伴为例

基于Novy(2006)提出的具备微观基础的引力模型,本文综合测度了中国与亚洲主要贸易伙伴的双边贸易成本。结果表明,中国与这些国家(地区)的贸易成本自上世纪80年代以来出现了不同程度的下降趋势。与此同时,我们还考察了贸易成本的下降对中国与亚洲国家(地区)双边贸易的增长效应,对我们样本中的大多数国家(地区)而言,贸易成本下降对双边贸易增长的贡献率相对要大于经济增长的贡献率。通过实证研究我们进一步探讨了双边贸易成本的决定因素和条件趋同性,最后揭示了本文研究的政策性涵义。     

双边自由贸易区热的政治经济学分析——一个新区域主义视角

当WTO框架下的多边贸易谈判陷入僵局时,越来越多的国家开始热衷于双边自由贸易区的建立,国际贸易的双边时代已经到来。本文以古诺均衡为基础构建理论模型,论证大国积极筹建双边自由贸易区是为了在将来可能的多边谈判中更有话语权,即增加多边框架下的谈判筹码。接下来利用美国的相关数据,采用贸易引力模型进行实证分析,验证了理论的可靠性。通过理论与实证分析得出结论:未来的多边谈判将是几大利益集团之间的角逐。     

引力模型在中国与东盟贸易中的实证分析

本文将引力模型运用到中国与东盟贸易的定量分析中，利用2000-2004年的面板数据建立了包括GDP、人均GDP和距离等基本变量的基本引力模型，在此基础上增加了华人人口、通用华语等变量，得到了扩展的引力模型。然后运用得到的模型来评价中国与东盟的贸易潜力，最后运用模型预测出2006年中国与东盟各国贸易额的增长率。