Pareto-Improving Social Security Reform

It is generally accepted that moving from an unfunded to a funded social security system implies a welfare loss for the transition generation—that is, the generation that has to pay twice: first, saving for its own retirement and, second, contributing to the pensions of the then retired generation. This article shows that in a setting of endogenous growth with positive externality such a transition can be Pareto improving. But it argues also that social security reform is more a pretext than a requirement for internalizing such a positive externality.     

英、美、日、智利社会保障制度改革比较研究

福利国家中的典型代表英国、美国、日本,非福利国家的特色代表智利,都在不断进行社会保障制度的改革.改革的共同趋势表现为调整政府和市场的比例,转变政府职能,在保持政府控制权的前提下,实现社保的"市场化"或"私有化". 中国应该借鉴国际经验,以养老、医疗为重心,建立高效率、市场化的社会保障资金管理机制,推进社保事业的发展.     

A Practical Framework for the Analysis of Social Security Reform

‘When I use a word’, Humpty Dumpty said in a rather scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it lo mean — neither more nor less’. (Through the Looking Glass, Ch. 6)     

城镇化进程中的社会保障制度改革问题研究

党的十八届三中全会指出,坚持走中国特色新型城镇化道路,推进以人为核心的城镇化。城镇化既是经济发展的结果,又是经济发展的重要推动力量。从现代化发展规律看,今后一二十年我国城镇化率将不断提高,这对社会保障制度建设既提供了巨大的机遇,也带来了严峻的挑战。因此,需要适应新型城镇化的要求,加快推进社会保障体制机制改革,实现社会保障制度与城镇化进程的良性互动,促进社会保障事业的城乡统筹发展。     

关于当前社会保险重大问题的研究

覆盖城乡的社会保障制度体系的基本建立,是我国改革开放以来经济社会发展取得的重大成就,但距离制度的完善还任重道远。本文指出当前社保制度改革中还存在诸如不同制度保障水平差距较大、基金支付压力大、基金统筹层次低、缴费负担重等重大问题,在对问题成因认真分析的基础上,提出今后改革的方向是以增强公平性、适应流动性、保证可持续性为重点,并提出完善基本养老保险制度模式、加快提高社会保险统筹层次、鼓励发展补充性养老保险和医疗保险、提高基金投资效率、将财政投入作为养老保险基金的稳定筹资来源、取消基本医疗保险最高支付限额等具体政策建议。     

401(k) Investment Decisions and Social Security Reform

Abstract

This paper uses the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances to show that 401(k) participants with an underlying defined benefit plan are more likely to invest in equities than are participants whose 401(k) is their primary plan. This suggests that workers with a guaranteed source of retirement income are more likely to invest their other retirement assets more aggressively. Removing this guarantee might result in more conservative investment. Therefore, using current 401(k) asset allocation behavior to project income under a Social Security individual account system with reduced guaranteed benefits could overstate returns to these accounts, thus overstating their attractiveness relative to the current system.     

社会保障制度改革的国际借鉴及其完善

发达国家社会保障制度模式及改革措施为我国进一步完善现行的社会保障制度提供了借鉴。建立与我国经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系，开征社会保险税，设立社会保障预算，加快立法建设是改革的必然选择。     

关于当前社会保险重大问题的研究

覆盖城乡的社会保障制度体系的基本建立,是我国改革开放以来经济社会发展取得的重大成就,但距离制度的完善还任重道远。本文指出当前社保制度改革中还存在诸如不同制度保障水平差距较大、基金支付压力大、基金统筹层次低、缴费负担重等重大问题,在对问题成因认真分析的基础上,提出今后改革的方向是以增强公平性、适应流动性、保证可持续性为重点,并提出完善基本养老保险制度模式、加快提高社会保险统筹层次、鼓励发展补充性养老保险和医疗保险、提高基金投资效率、将财政投入作为养老保险基金的稳定筹资来源、取消基本医疗保险最高支付限额等具体政策建议。     

经济转轨时期我国的社会保障制度改革

经济转轨时期,我国社会保障制度改革的一些措施制约了社会经济的发展,其主要原因是社会保障改革措施出台过于集中、改革政策不统一、社会保障发挥的作用有限、养老保险欠债得不到解决等问题。解决制约社会保障制度改革的现实问题,可以为我国经济的发展和社会稳定创造良好的环境。     

The Effects of Reduced Social Security Contributions on Employment: An Evaluation of the 2003 French Reform*

In 2003, the French government decided to reform the system managing the different minimum wage regulations and the targeted reductions to employers' social security contributions. The main objective of the Fillon reform was to simplify the complex regulations that were created by the progressive introduction of the 35‐hour week. The reform incidentally created large variations in labour costs, depending on the type of firm and the wage level within the firm. This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of this reform on employment using a balanced panel of firms with more than five employees, drawn from a matching between several administrative data sources from 2000 to 2005.     

社会保障支出结构与社会效应关系的实证研究——基于不同社会保障模式的分析

世界各国在长期发展中形成了不同的社会保障模式,导致其社会保障支出结构及带来的社会效应均存在差异。本文选取典型模式代表国家美国、德国、瑞典的社会保障支出结构与社会效应指标,利用1995-2009年的数据,对二者之间的关系进行实证分析,发现3个国家两种指标之间的关系存在一定的相似性,大多数社会保障支出结构指标都对贫困人口率和基尼系数产生了负效应。我国可从中得到启示,进一步加大对残疾保障、住房保障、生存保障和教育支出的投入。     

Implications of Social Security Reform on Interest Rates: Theory and Evidence

This article investigates the potential effect that Social Security reform may have on bond and equity returns. We specifically focus on the effect of proposals to shift a portion of the investment of the U.S. Social Security Trust Fund to the equities market. Models are developed to demonstrate the relationship between returns and both the relative size of the Social Security Trust Fund and the portfolio allocation of the Trust Fund. Using these two models, we then show that interest rates will increase from either a decrease in the size of the Social Security Trust Fund or a shifting in the investment mix from bonds to equities. We derive an adjustment factor that relates the magnitude of change in interest rates from either source and use this adjustment factor in conjunction with estimates of the relationship between government debt and interest rates to forecast the potential effect on interest rates from shifting part of the Trust Fund to the equity market. The estimates herein suggest that investing some of the Social Security funds in equities is not a painless cure‐all for the Social Security system and may even have some adverse effects in terms of income transfers from American taxpayers to foreign bondholders.     

开征社会保障税需要继续推进工资制度的货币化改革

开征社会保障税是完善我国社会保障制度、加速我国全面建设小康社会进程的有效途径。继续推进现行工资制度的货币化改革是有效地开征社会保障税的前提。应从以下几方面进行工资制度货币化改革:统一思想,提高认识;将公务员特别是领导干部的职务消费作为推进工资货币化的突破口;将现行工资性收入中的非货币性奖金、福利、实物转化为货币。     

公平视角下社会保障制度改革研究

社会公平是我国社会保障制度改革必须坚持的首要价值取向。当前我国社会保障制度存在农村社会保障制度建设滞后,城乡差别较大,农民工群体缺乏社会保障,单位之间、地区之间的社会保障水平差异过大等不公平现象。因此。要加快我国的社会保障制度改革,必须坚持公平原则,加快建立公共财政制度,完善转移支付机制;建立弹性保障支付机制,加大社会保障再分配调节力度;完善面向弱势群体的社会保障制度;以养老保险和医疗保险为突破口,扩大社会保险的覆盖面。     

社会保障制度改革:理论批判与实践改革

社会保障制度改革是一项涉及面广,社会影响大的战略工程。随着社会和企业成员中年龄老化的现象日益严重,社会保障制度改革已经引起了国家和社会各方面的广泛关注。本文从研究西方社会福利经济理论入手,研究我国社会保障制度改革中面临的压力和风险,并结合我国经济发展状况,对社会保障制度改革的具体措施做了系统性论述。     

美国社会保障制度改革建议与反思

改革社会保障制度并恢复其财务平衡是21世纪美国最重要的公共政策问题之一。为此,美国的政策制定者和学者展开了一场关于社会保障制度改革的激烈争论,并提出了广泛的改革建议。本文在介绍了美国社会保障制度的长期赤字规模之后,分析了造成制度长期赤字的根源,然后重点梳理了2000年以来主要的改革建议,最后通过反思美国社会保障改革的争论得出了几点启示,希冀有助于中国养老社会保险制度的完善和发展。     

论社会保障

在对美国社会保障制度改革的政策建议中,彼得·戴蒙德教授主张通过养老金相关参数的调整来适应未来养老基金支出增长的压力,方式是改善养老金待遇标准和税收规则以确保养老基金的精算平衡。其基本观点是:第一,社会保障是退休后收入的基础,是防止贫困和失去保险机会的保障,所以社会保障制度应该建立;第二,因为人们很少自愿进行养老金积累,年金化的强制性公共养老金就非常重要,一是能平衡终生收入,二是能够提供就业激励;第三,公共养老金计划对工人及其家庭,特别是儿童、配偶和遗属有重要保障作用;第四,延迟退休能提高未来的消费,设计合理的待遇累进原则和退休审查制度会有助于增加劳动激励;第五,养老金的代际转移是一种再分配,较多的再分配会对工作生涯形成激励;第六,为实现精算平衡,应引入自动平衡机制来自动调整税率和待遇水平,以减少立法的压力。     

Social Security

Abstract

The U.S. Social Security program (Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance) was enacted in 1935, long after many European nations had instituted similar ones. The driving force for such action was the Great Depression of the early 1930s, which had pushed many persons into poverty. The program was not intended to solve the immediate problem (which instead was handled by federal funding of state public assistance plans), but rather as an initial step of preventive action for the long run.

The current financial status of the Social Security program is excellent over the short range, but very likely a significant, although not overwhelming, problem is present as to the long range. Various proposals to remedy the situation are examined, some merely maintaining the existing character of the program but reducing benefit costs and/or increasing its income, and others reducing its scope by partially or wholly privatizing it.     

对社会保险费征收模式改革的评价与建议

社会保险费交由税务部门统一征收有利于解决人力资源和社会保障部门自行征收和税务部门代为征收的"双轨制"模式所导致的征收主体不统一、权责不清晰、征缴基数变相调整、占压挪用资金、企业欠缴拒缴社会保险等问题。本文从对社会保险费征收模式改革的现实意义和改革至今取得的成果入手,对社会保险费征收模式改革的必要性和现行社会保险费征收模式存在的问题进行了分析,并从完善法律法规、理顺社会保险费征缴环节等多个层面,为我国社会保险费征收模式的完善提出了建议,以期为深化社会保险费征收模式改革提供参考。