The determinants of Korean foreign direct investment in manufacturing industries

Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmungsgründe für koreanische direkte Auslandsinvestitionen in der Verarbeitenden Industrie. - Der Autor liefert eine empirische Analyse der Bestimmungsgründe für die direkten Auslandsinvestitionen koreanischer Finnen in der Verarbeitenden Industrie und benutzt dabei firmenbezogene Daten. Es zeigt sich, da? es ?u?erst unterschiedliche Motive für diese Direktinvestitionen gibt, je nachdem, ob sie in entwickelten oder in weniger entwickelten L?ndern stattfinden. Einerseits sind die Auslandsinvestitionen ein Weg, um die Produktionskosten zu minimieren, die sich aus nichttarif?ren Handelsschranken entwickelter L?nder ergeben, andererseits dienen sie dazu, die niedrigen Arbeitskosten in Entwicklungsl?ndern zu nutzen.

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Résumé Les facteurs déterminants des investissments directs étrangers coréens dans l’industrie manufacturière. - En utilisant des données du niveau de l’entreprise, cette étude donne une analyse empirique des facteurs déterminants des investissements directs étrangers coréens en ce qui concerne les industries manufacturières. L’auteur prouve qu’il y assez de motivations différentes pour les investissements directs coréens dans des activités de production qui sont basées dans deux régions différentes, c’est à dire dans les pays développés et moins développés. Il trouve que les investissements directs étrangers coréens sont une méthode de minimiser les co?ts de production qui sont les résultats des barrières de commerce non-tarifaires établies par des pays développés ou une méthode d'exploiter la main d’œuvre bon marché dans des pays moins développés.

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Resumen Las determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa coreana en la industria manufacturera. - En este trabajo se provee un análisis empírico de las determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa de empresas coreanas en la industria manufacturera utilizando datos a nivel de empresa. Se provee evidencia en favor de que las inversiones directas de industrials coreanos en actividades manufactureras en dos regiones, en los países desarrollados y en los en desarrollo, responden a motivaciones muy diversas. Se encuentra que la inversion extranjera directa coreana es una manera de minimizar el costo de productión, ya sea evitando las barreras no arancelarias al comercio exterior en los países desarrollados o explotando la mano de obra barata en los países en desarrollo.

     

Productivity of foreign and domestic firms in Indian industries

Zusammenfassung Produktivit?t ausl?ndischer und inl?ndischer Unternehmen in der indischen Industrie. — In diesem Aufsatz wird untersucht, ob die ausl?ndischen Betriebe in Indien produktiver arbeiten als die einheimischen. Es zeigt sich, da\ in den meisten Industriezweigen, in denen ausl?ndische Unternehmen t?tig waren, die Kapital- sowie Gesamtproduktivit?t für die ausl?ndischen Unternehmen h?her war als für die einheimischen Unternehmen. Die durchgeführten Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks Tests haben die Null-Hypothese zugunsten der alternativen Hypothese zurückgewiesen, da\ die Unterschiede sowohl im Falle der Kapitalproduktivit?t als auch der Gesamtproduktivit?t statistisch signifikant sind. Gemessen an den gewichteten Durchschnittswerten der verarbeitenden Industrie insgesamt war die Kapitalproduktivit?t der ausl?ndischen Unternehmen um 60 vH und die Gesamtproduktivit?t um 55 vH h?her als die der einheimischen indischen Unternehmen. Diese Produktivit?tsdifferenzen sind jedoch auf mehrere Gründe und nicht allein auf die von ihnen angewandten unterschiedlichen Technologien zurückzuführen.

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Résumé La productivité des entreprises étrangères et locales dans l’industrie indienne. — L’article examine si les entreprises étrangères en Inde travaillent plus productives que les entreprises locales. Il se montre que dans la plupart des secteurs industriels, dans lesquels les entreprises étrangères agissaient, la productivité de capitaux et la productivité totale étaient plus hautes pour les entreprises étrangères que pour les entreprises locales. Les tests faits (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signedranks) ont rejeté l’hypothèse nulle en faveur de l’hypothèse alternative, que les différences sont statistiquement significatives dans le cas de la productivité de capitaux aussi bien que de la productivité totale. Mesurée aux valeurs moyennes pondérées de l’industrie manufacturière totale, la productivité de capitaux et la productivité totale des entreprises étrangères excédaient celles des entreprises locales de 60 pourcent respectivement 55 pourcent. Ces différences de productivité cependant ont plusieurs raisons et ne peuvent pas être expliquées seulement avec les technologies différentes appliquées par les entreprises.

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Resumen La productividad de empresas extranjeras y nacionales en la industria india. — En este artículo se investiga, si las empresas extranjeras en la India trabajan en forma más productiva que las nacionales. Se mostró, que en la mayoría de las ramas industriales donde operaban empresas extranjeras, la productividad del capital era mayor en las empresas extranjeras que en las nacionales. Las pruebas de rangos se?alados de pares semejantes de Wilcoxon efectuadas rechazaron la hipótesis nula a favor de la hipótesis alternativa, que las diferencias tanto en la productividad del capital como en la productividad general son estadísticamente significativas. Medidas por medio de los valores promedio ponderados de la industria manufacturera en conjunto, la productividad del capital de las empresas extranjeras fue en un 60% y la productividad total en un 55% mayor que la de las empresas nacionales indias. Estas diferencias en la productividad se deben, sin embargo, a diferentes causas y no solo a las tecnologías diferentes empleadas por ellas.

     

Trade liberalization and productivity growth in Australian manufacturing industries

Although there has been a revival of interest in the trade-growth nexus, the impact of trade liberalization on productivity gains remains empirical, given the ambiguity in the literature on this issue. This paper examines the case for Australia using annual data of eight two-digit manufacturing industries from 1968–69 to 1994–95. Unlike earlier studies, total factor productivity growth is first decomposed into technological progress and gains in technical efficiency, and the effect of trade liberalization is then investigated separately on TFP growth, as well as on each of the components of TFP growth. The empirical finding that trade liberalization has a positive and significant effect on technological progress, but no significant effect on gains in technical efficiency, adds yet another dimension to the evaluation of trade liberalization policies.     

Multinational corporations and domestic market structure: The case of Greek manufacturing industries

Conclusions In this paper we examined the potential of MNCs to give rise or to promote concentrated markets in a host country. Foreign presence in the form of MNCs affectsdirectly the market structure of the economy by in-creasing both the relative inequalities in the size distributions of firms (entropy) and the level of absolute concentration (Herfindahl-CR4). MNCs tend to populate capital intensive sectors and may also account for a potentialindirect stimulation on the concentration process through their effects on domestic barriers to entry. Industries characterised by such horizontal FDI are likely to be able to earn and maintain supra-normal profits in the domestic market. However, the effective curb of competition caused by MNCs did not show uneven distribution of gains in profitability to be present in the market for a sample of 100 large MNCs and local firms. We should suggest that concentration and other market imperfections may be the basic factor determining profitability in Greece,not multinationality per se. Moreover, the potential indirect influence of MNCs on domestic barriers may act as an agent for promoting structural changes, especially in the capital intensive sector.     

The performance of foreign affiliates in German manufacturing: evidence from a new database

This study presents the first investigation into the performance of foreign-controlled enterprises in German manufacturing, based on new micro-data from official statistics. A comprehensive set of performance variables is examined, not only by comparing unconditional mean values but also by accounting for other determinants and differences across distributions. The analysis reveals a foreign ownership performance premium with regard to productivity, research and development, export intensities, and average wages. Only profitability seems not to differ from German-owned enterprises. Results are verified by varying comparison groups of indigenous firms and separating for high- and low-tech sectors. Furthermore, a breakdown by country of origin and type of group head shows considerable heterogeneity within the group of foreign-controlled affiliates in Germany.     

Competition and productivity in Japanese manufacturing industries

This paper examines the determinants of productivity in Japanese manufacturing industries, looking particularly at the impact of product market competition on productivity. Using a newly available panel data on around ten thousand firms in Japanese manufacturing for the years 1994–2000, I show that competition, as measured by lower level of industrial price–cost margin, enhances productivity growth, controlling for a broad range of industrial and firm-specific characteristics. Moreover, I suggest that market power, as measured by either individual firm's price–cost margin or market share, has negative impact on productivity level of R & D performing firms. J. Japanese Int. Economies 19 (4) (2005) 586–616.     

Further evidence on the effect of foreign competition on industry level wages

Conclusions This paper has examined the impact of trade changes on industry level wage outcomes in a bargaining framework. The results suggest that on average increases in trade, whether emanating from imports or exports, serve to decrease wage changes. This evidence is consistent with the view that foreign trade acts to moderate demand for an industry’s output and hence to discipline wage setting and is consistent with what Konings and Vandenbussche (1995) reported for UK manufacturing.     

U.S. Export performance in manufacturing industries: An empirical investigation

Zusammenfassung Die Exportentwicklung in der amerikanischen gewerblichen Wirtschaft: Eine empirische Untersuchung. — Die Untersuchung wurde im Sinne des ?Neo-Technologie?- Erkl?rungsansatzes der Handelsstruktur durchgeführt. Sie überprüft empirisch die Determinanten der Exportentwicklung in der amerikanischen gewerblichen Wirtschaft an einem allgemeinen Modell, das die wichtigsten erkl?renden Variablen umfaβt. Dieses Modell wird mit Hilfe der Hauptkomponenten-Methode getestet, wobei sowohl Querschnitts- als auch Zeitreihendaten (1956–1968) für zweistellige und dreistellige SIC-Nummern der Vereinigten Staaten verwendet werden. Zwei allgemeine Folgerungen k?nnen mit relativer Sicherheit gezogen werden. Die ausschlieβliche oder auch haupts?chliche Konzentration der Auβenhandelstheorie auf Kosten-Preis-Faktoren, die in früheren Zeiten vielleicht gerechtfertigt werden konnte; wird in unserer Zeit, nach der Revolutionierung des Verkehrs- und Nachrichtenwesens, des Managements, des Marketing und der industriellen Produktion, eigentlich unhaltbar. Obwohl die Ergebnisse dieser Studie noch keineswegs endgültig sind, zeigen sie doch, daβ viel erreicht werden k?nnte, wenn ein groβer Teil der Aufmerksamkeit Nicht-Preis-Faktoren gewidmet würde. Auβerdem wird es schwierig, einen Ansatz mit einem einzigen Bestimmungsfaktor zu rechtfertigen, weil dieser im günstigsten Fall unvollst?ndig ist, im schlimmsten Fall aber ernsthaft in die Irre führen kann.

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Résumé La performance d’exportation des E. U. dans les industries manufacturières: Une investigation empirique. — L’étude s’approche aux explications ?neotéchnologiques? de la structure du commerce extérieur. Il s’agit d’une exploration empirique des déterminants de la performance d’exportation dans les industries manufacturières par un modèle assez général incorporant les variables explicatives les plus importantes et testé en utilisant l’analyse des composantes principales appliquées aux sections transversales aussi bien qu’aux seriés chronologiques (en couvrant la période de 1956–1968) des données de CUI en deux et trois chiffres. Il y a deux conclusions générales qu’on peut constater avec une certitude relative. Premièrement la concentration exclusive ou même primaire de la théorie du commerce extérieur sur les facteurs de prix et de co?t qu’on pourrait peut-être justifier auparavant, devient tout à fait intenable suivant notre temps avec les révolutions des communications, des techniques de management, des institutions de commercialisation et de l’organisation industrielle. Bien que les résultats de cette étude ne soient pas conclusifs, ils indiquent qu’on peut bien gagner en faisant beaucoup de l’attention aux facteurs non-prix. Deuxièmement il devient difficile à rationaliser une approche de facteur unique qui est incomplète dans le cas le plus favorable et qui peut être égarante au pis aller.

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Resumen El desempe?o de las exportaciones de industrias manufactureras estadounidenses: Una investigatión empírica. — El estudio se realizó en el espíritu de las explicaciones ?neo-tecnológicas? de la estructura del comercio. Es una exploración empírica de las determinantes del desempe?o de las exportaciones estadounidenses en industrias manufactureras por medio de un modelo bastante general, que incorpora las variables explicativas más importantes y que es sometido a test por medio del uso del análisis de componentes principales con datos de comercio exterior de EEUU (para el periodo 1956–1968) a nivel de dos dígitos de la clasificación industrial uniforme (SIC) en forma de corte transversal y series de tiempo. Se pueden sacar dos conclusiones generales con relativa seguridad. Primero, la exclusiva o aún principal concentración de la teoría del comercio sobre factores de costos/precios, que tal vez podría justificarse en un período de tiempo anterior, se torna virtualmente insostenible en nuestros tiempos con revoluciones en comunicaciones, técnicas gerenciales, instituciones de mercadeo y organizatión industrial. A pesar de que los resultados de este estudio no son completamente concluyentes, ellos indican que se puede ganar mucho si se transfiere una buena parte de atención a factores distintos del precio. Segundo, se torna difícil racionalizar un enfoque en términos de un solo factor, que en el mejor de los casos es incompleto y en el peor de los casos puede ser seriamente enga?oso.

     

The assessment: introducing competition into regulated industries

The introduction of competition into utilities is currentlybeing pursued in the many countries, including the UK. Competitioncan take various forms, such as competition for outputs, inputs,franchises, and outright takeovers. Attention is currently focusedon output competition, whereby customers are being given a choiceof final supplier in many industries. We consider the implicationsof the introduction of such competition, including the effectson industrial structure and contracts, cross-subsidies and distributionalconcerns, and uncertainty and stranded contracts. We also analysethe transitional problems encountered as competition is introducedand suggest that the UK regulators and government have, in somekey respects, failed to define a clear and consistent policy.     

The effect of foreign competition on UK employment and wages: Evidence from firm-level panel data

The Effect of Foreign Competition on UK Employment and Wages: Evidence from Firm-Level Panel Data. —This paper contributes to the sparse empirical literature on the effects of foreign competition on domestic employment and wages. The authors estimate a structural labour demand equation on UK firm-level panel data between 1982 and 1989 and several wage equations. When they restrict the sample to the manufacturing sector only, they find for the unionized firms that foreign competition has a negative effect on both wages and on employment. However, when UK manufacturing firms face only a few rivals, foreign competition has a positive effect on wages, but no effect on employment.     

关于制造业推行物流现代化的思考

一、制造业是我国物流现代化的重要产业体系 物流现代化将成为中国经济发展的杠杆。因此,“物流热”在理论界和运输业已然兴起。笔者做了一些调查发现,制造业因受各种矛盾的困扰,对推行现代物流动静不大,条件相差甚远。但是,如若只有服务方的“热”,而没有制造业的广泛需求,现代物流将     

The national security argument for protection of domestic industries

ABSTRACT

Tracing the origin of the national security argument for protection of domestic industries to Adam Smith, Alexander Hamilton, and Friedrich List, we study its post-GATT applications with reference to Article XXI of the WTO and highlight some recent abuses. We compare the use of tariff, production/input subsidy, and government procurement as alternative instruments of protection from the perspective of economic efficiency and study the disapproval of inward FDI to gain insights into the underlying national security concerns. The case studies of a) the US tariffs on aluminum and steel, b) German disapproval of the acquisition of a technology firm Leifeld Metal Spinning by a Chinese firm, and c) US’ all out global effort to cripple China’s telecom equipment giant Huawei are presented for illustration.     

The effect of import competition on labor income inequality through firm and worker heterogeneity in the Japanese manufacturing sector

This study estimates the effects of import competition from Asia on the labor income inequality of Japanese manufacturing workers, considering firm and worker heterogeneity. Parameters are obtained from regression results of annual salary by using constructed worker–establishment panel data. The estimated salary change is positively and negatively larger for higher- and lower-paid workers, respectively, implying that labor income inequality among industry–size–skill–gender groups has increased due to imports from Asia. However, the actual evolution of income inequality during 1998–2014 is not successfully explained by Asian imports: other shocks overshadow import competition to determine actual income inequality.     

A multidimensional analysis of the international performance of U.S. manufacturing industries

A Multidimensional Analysis of the International Performance of U.S. Manufacturing Industries. — This study analyzes the determinants of three alternative measures of the international performance of U.S. manufacturing industries: export shares, the average number of foreign markets served, and the intensity of foreign direct investment. The factors affecting these three variables and various interactions among them are estimated econometrically using a sample of 37 U.S. industries. Overall, variables reflecting industrial organization, technological innovation, and scale economies are found to be more significant than traditional factor-proportions or labor-cost factors in explaining U.S. manufacturing performance in overseas markets.     

Efficiency and productivity analyses of Indonesian manufacturing industries

This study estimates the technical efficiencies and total factor productivity (TFP) growths in food, textile, chemical and metal products industries from 1993 to 2000 in Indonesia by using the stochastic frontier model. Furthermore, the determinants of inefficiency are also analyzed and TFP growth is decomposed into technological progress, a scale component, and efficiency growth. The results reveal that the food, textile, chemical and metal products sectors are on average 50.79%, 47.89%, 68.65% and 68.91% technically efficient, respectively. It is noted that ownership contributed to technical inefficiencies in the food sector; location and size contributed to technical inefficiencies in the textile sector, whereas size, ownership and age contributed to inefficiencies in the chemical and metal products sectors. We note that productivity in food, textile, and metal products sectors decreased at the rate of 2.73%, 0.26%, and 1.65%, respectively, but increased at a rate of 0.5% in the chemical sector. The decomposition of TFP growth indicates that the growths are driven positively by technical efficiency changes and negatively by technological progress in all four sectors.     

Sources of growth of Maltese manufacturing industries

A mathematical model is developed to demonstrate that the measurement of sources of growth in large changes involves summing up the values of these sources of growth in all component small changes. The model is tested empirically using Maltese data on the manufacturing sector during the periods 1961–1975 and the sub-periods 1961–1970 and 1971–1975. The regression results would seem to suggest that exports played a greater role particularly after 1971, that the process of import substitution is weakening and that factor incomes are not expanding as much as prices of materials and output.