市场扭曲、跨企业的资源配置与制造业部门的生产率

近年来,在中国制造业部门的各个产业里,不同企业之间的生产率表现出很大的差异,而且,企业的规模分布与生产率分布只有微弱的关联。在这篇文章里,我们讨论了市场扭曲与产业内不同企业之间生产率差异的内在联系。我们的研究结果显示,在几个代表性产业里,市场不完全引起的产业内跨企业的资源配置扭曲解释了企业间基本生产要素的生产率差异和全要素生产率差异的实质性部分,并导致了总量层面40%以上的全要素生产率损失。进一步,我们还发现,地区市场分割和金融市场的不完全是造成产品和要素市场扭曲的重要原因,而企业所有制和政府补贴对跨企业的资源配置没有显著的影响。     

Productivity of Singapore's Manufacturing Sector: An Industry Level Non-Parametric Study

This paper seeks to measure and to explain the productivity of Singapore's manufacturing sector using industry level data. It utilises a non-parametric approach consisting of a set of production distance functions, each of which is obtained by solving a linear programming problem. From a time-series of 1983 to 1993, across thirty industries, we obtain three indices: a Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index, an efficiency change index, and a technological change index. The resulting TFP growth stands at 4.6% per annum, considerably greater than previous estimates using aggregate country level data. Three-stage least squares are then applied to the pooled data. Foreign ownership and labour quality are found to have important impact on TFP growth.     

电力营销自动化：供电企业自动化系统的重要部分

北京供电公司作为特大型供电企业,2002年实现电量销售370亿kWh,销售收入达180亿元,相比去年增长了11%,而员工总数不增反降。这其中,用电营销自动化技术起到了至关重要的作用。本文就自动化需求、关键技术、现状与发展、脚踏实地开展工作作了评述。     

Participative management and its varying relevance in Hong Hong and Singapore

First, the process whereby developing countries become developed is discussed in terms of complexity, neutrality in social relations, and the achievement ethic. An examination of managerial attitudes in eight South-East Asian countries is followed by the results of a comparative study of manufacturing industry in Hong Kong and Singapore. It was concluded that in Singapore participation leads to higher productivity (r_s 0.71, p<0.05) but only because the context is mainly foreign. This relationship was not found in Hong Kong probably because Hong Kong enterprises remain non-bureaucratic, i.e. non-western. A more participative style of management requires radical changes in non-managers' expectations of their employers, as well as a significant increase in the extent to which superiors trust their subordinates. The evidence suggests that Asian managers (except those in Japan and, possibly, Singapore) favour an autocractic approach.Dr. S.G. Redding is Professor of Management Studies and Head of Department at the University of Hong Kong. Dr. S. Richardson formerly Head, Production & Industrial Engineering Department, Hong Kong Polytechnic is now in the School of Management, National University of Singapore.     

Participative company management in Europe: the new role of middle management

A review of studies from different European countries reveals that research into the new role of middle management in new production systems is quite inconsistent. Referring to the example of the German 'Industriemeister' (master craftsman) it will be shown that these inconsistencies are due to different models of the future role of middle management.     

Bureaucracy,economic regulation,and the incentive limits of the firm

This paper uses a transactions cost perspective to examine the development of organizational tendencies that plague the governance of unregulated subsidiaries by regulated parent companies. By focussing on what Williamson (1985) calls the ‘incentive limits’ of firms, conditions that should exacerbate the problems facing these firms as they diversify are identified. Empirical testing of hypotheses drawn from this discussion is conducted using a sample of nonutility, nonregulated subsidiaries of 54 electric utilities. The analysis, using both linear regression and event history methods, confirms the connection between the characteristics of the regulated parent company and subsidiary performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of how further research might extend the state of knowledge on the topic of the economic losses of bureaucracy.     

重新想象制造业

“现在看来．（第三次工业革命）不是一个遥遥无期的事儿。另外一个,智能化生产,大幅降低成本,这对企业的挑战确实是太大了。再进一步,也不是遥遥无期的,就是3D（打印）。”     

Disorganized, Unilateral, and Participative Organizations: New Insights from the Ethnographic Literature

Disorganized workplaces are often overlooked in contemporary models of the workplace. Contemporary accounts more typically analyze organizations in terms of tight management control or in terms of participative workplace models. This article examines 109 organizational ethnographies describing a wide range of workplaces, including many poorly run and disorganized ("anomic") workplaces. Such workplaces evidence high levels of worker resistance. In contrast, participative workplaces evidence high levels of citizenship behaviors. Unilateral or "top-down" organizations are expected to encourage accommodation behaviors, but this hypothesis is not supported. Instead, both accommodation and resistance are highest in disorganized workplaces. The continuing importance of disorganized workplaces—workplaces that provoke strong worker resistance—represents an unmet challenge to organizational theory and practice.     

Behavioral and Attitudinal Customer Loyalty in the Power Sector

The emergence of smart grids changes the customer-utility relationship. To facilitate the transition towards a sustainable, reliable and economically viable energy system, utilities need to develop smart grid products and services that have strong customer acceptance and enable different customer segments to engage in energy efficiency. Thus, integrating customer feedback on innovative smart grid services early in the innovation process is of crucial importance. Further, energy providers need to increase customer loyalty and invest in relationship marketing in order to survive and be successful in a competitive market environment.This article presents the findings of a five-month field experiment that investigated the effectiveness of different reward programs in increasing customer loyalty and customer feedback provision in the energy sector. The results demonstrate that reward programs have a positive effect on behavioral (customer feedback provision) and attitudinal (e.?g. satisfaction with the energy provider) aspects of customer loyalty. The reward type matters, however. While monetary reward programs are effective in increasing customer feedback provision, only social reward programs can improve attitudinal aspects of customer loyalty. Energy providers should therefore consider tailoring the reward type to meet their program objectives when employing reward programs.     

Temporary Employment and Strategic Staffing in the Manufacturing Sector

While prior research has identified different ways of using temporary workers to achieve numerical flexibility, quantitative analysis of temporary employment has been limited to a few key empirical indicators of demand variability that may confound important differences. Our analysis provides evidence that many manufacturers use temporary workers to achieve what we call planned and systematic numerical flexibility rather than simply in a reactive manner to deal with unexpected problems. Although temporary work may provide many benefits for employers, a key function appears to be the provision of numerical flexibility not to buffer core workers but to externalize certain jobs.     

Optimal Size in the Waste Collection Sector

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost structure of a sample of Italian wastecollection firms in order to assess economies of scale and density and, therefore, definethe optimal size of the firms. A total and a variable translog cost function were estimated using panel data for a sample of 30 firms operating at the provincial level over the period 1991–1995.The empirical evidence suggests that franchised monopoly, rather than side-by-sidecompetition, is the most efficient form of production organization in the waste collection industry. Further, the majority of firms are not operating at optimal scale.     

润滑油行业的服务营销

润油油行业已经进入服务经济时代，服务营销是取得竞争优势的利器。相对于真正的服务营销或国外同行业的服务理念，我国的润滑油行业仍将服务营销看做是单纯的售后服务，从业的素质也有待于提高。服务营销的核心是做到“顾客满意”，到位的服务营销将使顾客成为企业产品的忠诚追随者。     

电力行业重组与监管

本文第一部分分析了电力行业重组的趋势,介绍了电力行业监管的目标,分析了电力行业重组与电力监管的关系及影响。第二部分介绍了我国电力监管机构的现状以及今后监管职能的可能政策选择。     

华为暗战互联网

华为不仅要为百度等互联网企业“淘金”提供“工具”，也要亲自体验互联网“淘金”的感觉。     

Industry Dynamics in the Swedish Textile and Wearing Apparel Sector

This paper analyses the adjustment process within the Swedish textile and wearing apparel sector and finds results that support the notion of Schumpeters creative destruction. The turnover of plants and jobs seems to improve the industries from within due to an exit (entry) of less (more) productive plants, exit (entry) of old (new) incumbents, a destruction (creation) of less (more) human-capital intensive jobs, and a supply of new products on the world market. The econometric analysis of the probability of exit with plant, firm and industry characteristics supports the idea of a rationalisation from within.     

电力产业重组中的规制和放松规制

基于经济学理论,介绍了电力市场建设阶段的竞争和规制理论,探讨了中国电力市场的规制制度和规制效率,有助于更好地理解电力市场建设、审批权等一系列当前电力工业界热门论题的经济学本质,时仍处于探索阶段的中国电力产业重组是具有现实意义的。     

亚太地区与中国炼油行业现状及未来趋势

2002年底亚太地区炼油总能力已达到10．9亿吨／年，能力过剩达9000万吨／年，炼油毛利低位徘徊，整体经营环境较为严峻。经过持续重组和调整，目前，亚太地区炼油业已形成国家石油公司占42％，当地民营公司占56％，欧美跨国大石油公司占19％，其他跨国公司占5％的多元化市场结构。由于环境保护问题越来越受到重视，亚太地区无铅汽油的市场份额增长相当迅速，大多数国家已经淘汰了高硫燃料，并不断提高轻质油品收率，减少重质油品收率。中国炼油业既面临国民经济腾飞和融入世界经济大潮带来的新的发展机遇，也面临着资源瓶颈制约，“入世”后国内市场国际化、竞争加剧和环保要求趋严的挑战。中国炼油行业正通过广泛而深入的结构调整，加快科技创新步伐，努力提高国际竞争力。     

Access Pricing in the Postal Sector: Theory and Simulations

This paper studies a theoretical model aimed at assessing the optimal access charges and retail prices in the postal sector. It takes explicitly into account three main characteristics of the postal sector: the ability of entrants to bypass the incumbent’s delivery network; the imposition on the incumbent, but not on entrants of universal service obligations; and the provision of access to both competitors and customers. The paper first develops analytical formulations of the optimal access charges and the incumbent’s end-to-end retail price. It then presents calibrated results illustrating the impact on prices and welfare of various scenarios.     

电力市场环境下发电环节的节能减排

介绍了国内外在发电环节采用的两种节能减排技术,即洁净煤技术和可再生能源发电技术。从政策支持、价格鼓励、税费减免、科研和产业化的促进等多个方面论述了电力市场化改革环境下,发电环节节能减排的政策、法规及发展思路。建议对化石燃料发电征收较高的能源税、CO2税、SO2税以及征收CO2排放费用,增大可再生能源发电配额比例,鼓励私人投资,建立绿色电力发展基金,加快技术和设备的国产化进程等。