经济改革和宪政转轨

该文研究经济改革和宪政转轨之间的关系,论证国家之间和国家内部不同政治力量间的竞争是宪政转轨的推动力量.通过对俄罗斯和中国的例证,该文分析了两种转轨模式下的特征和问题.结论是,在政治垄断下的经济转轨将被国家机会主义所挟持.经济转轨双轨制产生了宪政转轨的非常高的长期代价,大大超过它赎买既得利益平滑转型的短期好处.经济转轨是后社会主义国家的制度与WTO规则下的全球经济趋同的过程,而不是创造一个本质上不同的制度的创新过程.     

揭示"制度与增长关系之谜"的一个研究视角——基于中国经济转型与经济增长关系的实证研究(1978-2004)

本文通过对中国经济转型与经济增长之间的实证研究,发现经济增长是直接推动经济体制转型深化的内在动力,而经济转型虽然对经济增长有长期的影响作用,但这种作用却不是决定性的.在制度与增长二者关系中,制度虽然是影响增长的长期重要因素,但这种影响却不是决定性的;而恰恰相反,增长对制度的影响却是决定性的.这说明制度创新在增长的大背景中更易达到,而中国改革成功的经验也充分证明了这一点.     

企业网络能力对双元创新的影响机制

创新网络既是提高产业集群竞争力的重要基础,也是提高企业自身创新能力的有力保证。双元创新包括利用式创新和探索式创新,是企业创新过程中的两种模式。通过构建企业网络能力与双元创新概念模型,提出企业网络能力与双元创新正相关假设,通过收集生物医药、电子信息等高科技行业企业315份有效问卷进行模型验证。研究结果显示：网络能力与网络位置跃迁对企业双元创新有显著正向影响;网络位置跃迁在企业网络能力与双元创新之间起中介作用;环境不确定性在企业网络能力与网络位置跃迁的正向关系中起显著负向调节作用;创新支持氛围对企业网络能力与双元创新、网络能力与网络位置跃迁关系有显著正向调节效用。     

发达国家农业可持续增长的经验及启示——人口转型与技术进步

完成人口转型的发达国家中,土地、劳动力等传统农业生产要素已不再是农业增长的主要影响因素。而实际上人口转型已成为影响农业技术进步的决定性因素。文章基于1980-2000年14个已完成人口转型的发达国家面板数据的实证分析,通过农业技术与农业增长、人口转型与技术进步两个模型的检验结果,验证了发达国家农业人口数量的减少、受教育水平的提高对技术进步具有正向影响,通过对发达国家农业可持续增长的经验分析,得出中国农业可持续增长的关键为重视农村教育、加快农业人口转型以及提高农业科技投入。同时给出中国农业可持续增长的政策建议:利用教育投资的外溢效应促进农业人口转型,借助科技投入步入高效益农业可持续增长轨道。     

基于低碳技术创新的我国酒店业转型升级发展战略与运营机制研究

低碳技术创新是低碳经济发展的关键与核心,分析了低碳技术创新与我国酒店业转型升级的辨析关系,阐述了基于低碳技术创新的我国酒店业转型升级的战略思想、战略目标和战略阶段,并探究了转型升级的机制。     

中国经济转型与发展的政治经济学分析——基于中俄经济转型比较

虽然中国的经济转型已经取得了重大的成果,然而目前改革的任务依然艰巨,旨在从政治经济学的角度来理解我国正在经历的转型之路.通过对中俄经济转型的理论基础华盛顿共识和制度演进主义的比较分析,思考中国经济转型与未来发展之路.     

The switchover to digital broadcasting in Korea

This study investigates the development of Korean digital TV transition by tracing the interaction between social and technological entities from various perspectives at different developmental stages. A socio-technical analysis examines the dynamic interactions among the stakeholders in the switchover to digital broadcasting, showing how the various actions taken by leading stakeholders affect diverse groups of stakeholders. The overall findings show that Korean digital TV transition is the outcome of a proactive strategy by industry stakeholders and the Korean government's top–down policy of supporting such a transition. It is argued that the policy of a top–down transition, which overlooks coordination among stakeholders, harms consumers and hinders effective and sustainable development. The case of Korea has implications for other countries that are pursuing digital transition strategies.     

Riding the 'J' Curve—Tourism and Successful Transition in Estonia?

This article is concerned with the function of the service industries in the transition from a Soviet planned economy to a market-oriented Western type of economy. In particular, it will examine the role of the tourism industry in economic transition in Estonia between 1985 and 1995. The economics of transition have hitherto been largely viewed within the context of a macroeconomic orthodoxy—an orthodoxy which has made use of the 'success story' of the Estonian economy to underline the validity of its point of view. This contribution will offer an alternative view of a successful instance of transition from a microeconomic perspective, and will suggest that the service sector—including tourism—was perhaps the transition catalyst. A large part of the content is based on personal research conducted in Estonia in the period 1992, 1995 and 1996.     

Understanding the role of economic transition in enlarging energy price elasticity

Evidence of energy price elasticity would allow for a better understanding of economic, distributional and environmental consequences of varying energy prices. We document the previously unnoticed causal relationship between energy price elasticity and economic transition by modelling energy price elasticity as endogenous to the economic system. The central message is that economic transition promotes incentives and flexibility of micro‐units to sufficiently use price signals. Three potential mechanisms are proposed and tested for economic transition affecting the energy price elasticity. The findings provide implications for energy price policies because it reveals how energy consumers respond to energy price changes alongside economic transition.     

Non‐linear geographics and the economics of transition and democratization1

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of geography on the transition process in authoritarian political regimes, and to investigate the nature of the links between political change, economic reforms and geographical location. A simple model of transition and democratization is presented wherein we show that the effectiveness of repression by the incumbent elite is a negative function of the distance to the ‘free world’. In consequence, geography has conflicting effects on shifts in political power. This article provides a rationale for the counterintuitive fact that the first authoritarian country to start a transition process towards democratization is not necessarily the one nearest to the free world.     

共享资源治理制度转型中个体认知状态的实证研究

基于对认知行为与制度演化的认识,在偏好分层理论框架下,本文针对“既非家庭私有又非社会公有的被一定范围内私人共享”的共享资源治理制度转型,通过对南京市两次截面数据(2003年878个、2005年865个样本)的统计分析,考察了共享资源治理制度转型中个体认知状态:面临转型期复合场景信号作用,个体外层偏好关系和认知状态发生冲突———趋于支配共享资源决策权利、同时回避与之对应、对等的供给责任。对两次截面数据所做的方差分析显示,存在认知冲突的个体比例未发生显著变化,但各变量特征变化表明,新场景下治理关系的认知状态调整将有利于共享资源治理转型。     

The influence of CSR on firm value: an application of panel smooth transition regression on Taiwan

Previous studies on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm value generally belong to one of the two opposing schools of thought: the social impact hypothesis and the shift of focus hypothesis. This study, however, proposes that the relationship between CSR and company value is non-linear and neither wholly positive nor negative. We employed the corporate social responsibility index (CRSI) to test this hypothesis. The panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model was used to analyse listed Taiwanese firms from 2010 to 2012 and calculate the value transition threshold of CSR, using CSRI as the transition variable. We then applied PSTR to determine whether CSRI shows a two-regime, non-linear relationship, as inferred by our model. Empirical findings show that the threshold value of CSRI is 13.082, thus, we concluded that investment in CSR does not contribute to enhancing company value until it exceeds the value transition threshold.     

偏向技术进步有利于可再生能源转型吗——基于要素替代弹性的证据

尽管偏向技术进步被视为可再生能源消费最重要的驱动因素之一，但现有研究普遍忽视其对可再生能源转型的影响。基于偏向技术进步理论框架，运用固定效应随机前沿生产函数分析技术进步的偏向性以及化石能源与可再生能源间的替代弹性，进而判断2000—2017年中国内地30个省域的偏向技术进步是否推动了可再生能源转型。研究发现，整体上技术进步在化石能源与可再生能源间偏向于使用更多化石能源，且二者之间具有替代关系，这表明整体上偏向技术进步不利于可再生能源转型。分省域看，仅有上海、浙江和湖北的技术进步偏向于使用更多可再生能源，且可再生能源能够有效替代化石能源，这表明上述省份的偏向技术进步有利于可再生能源转型。     

旅游交通方式比例结构跃迁现象与跃迁带模型——以国内旅游为例

选择北京、武汉、西安3个城市为案例客源地,基于大样本问卷调查数据,研究客源地居民访问不同距离国内目标景区时采用自驾车、火车、飞机三种交通方式的比例结构及其变化规律。研究发现:①随着客源地与目的地距离的增加,采用自驾车、火车、飞机三种主要交通方式到访目标景区的旅游者比例结构发生了有规律的变化,产生了旅游交通方式跃迁现象,在客源城市周围形成了多个旅游交通方式跃迁带,可分为主交通方式跃迁带、次交通方式跃迁带与波动带三种类型。②在客源城市周围由近及远依次产生旅游主交通方式由自驾车向火车转变和由火车向飞机转变两个主跃迁带,有的客源城市在此之外还会出现主交通方式由飞机向火车转变的第三主跃迁带。据此构建旅游交通方式跃迁带模型,通过对比旅游交通方式主跃迁带在案例城市的现实表现,初步发现了国内旅游交通方式跃迁带位置的变化规律及其影响因素,为研究旅游交通方式跃迁现象提供了认知框架,为目的地根据旅游主交通方式细分市场、更有针对性地提供旅游交通服务和开展市场营销工作提供了参考依据。     

社会结构与政治行动者之间的张力——方法论视野中的民主转型研究

当代民主转型理论的发展与方法论创新密切相关。结构分析从经济发展的视角考察民主化的动力,关注政治转型的社会约束条件。行动者分析认为,精英人物的策略选择决定民主转型的进程,强调政治过程的自主性。在宏观结构分析与微观行动者分析的融合中,民主转型被视为结构约束与行动者选择共同作用的结果。民主制度建立在社会条件的基础上,社会结构在限定行动者选择的同时,在变迁过程中提供制度发展的机会空间,为行动者发挥建构作用创造条件。     

Nonstationarity and Stochastic Stability of Relative Income Clubs

The recent literature on “convergence” of cross‐country per capita incomes has been dominated by the two hypotheses of “global convergence” and “club‐convergence,” pertaining to limits of estimated income distribution dynamics. Utilizing a new measure of “stochastic stability,” we establish two stylized facts regarding short‐ and medium‐term distribution dynamics. The first is non‐stationarity of transition dynamics, in the sense of changing transition kernels, and the second is emergence, disappearance, and re‐emergence of a “stochastically stable” middle income group. This middle income group emerges as the gap between rich and poor clubs gets larger, and it changes the dynamics of transition to and from the rich and poor clubs, eventually narrowing the gap between the poor and rich as the middle club vanishes. Analyzing the stochastic stability of middle‐income groups is thus a first step toward understanding higher‐order dynamics of narrowing or widening of the gap between rich and poor countries.     

Does too much government spending depress the economic development of transition economies? Evidences from dynamic panel threshold analysis

This paper investigates the relationship between government size and economic growth and determines the optimal level of government spending to maximize economic growth. The paper applies a dynamic panel data analysis based upon a threshold model to test the threshold effect of government spending in 26 transition economies over the period spanning 1993–2016. According to the analysis results, government expenditures have a threshold effect on economic growth, and there is a non-linear relationship depicted as an Armey curve in these transition economies. The findings indicate that a government size above the threshold government spending level adversely affects economic growth, while a government size below the threshold level has a positive effect. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables above and below that optimal level, even if we divide the sample into developed and developing countries. Our findings suggest that governments in transition economies should consider optimal government size at around the estimated threshold level to support sustainable economic growth.     

The PSM approach to transitions: Bridging the gap between abstract frameworks and tangible entities

Transition research investigates processes of fundamental change in societal subsystems, such as a transition to a low-emission mobility system. Much of transition research uses abstract frameworks to structure narratives. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms generating transitions is however required for purposefully influencing transitions (to sustainability). Such mechanisms comprise constellations of actors, technologies, institutions and their interactions leading to a specific type of phenomenon and refer to more confined social phenomena than transitions. This paper introduces the PSM (Phenomenon of interest, Specification and operationalization, Mechanism) approach to embed mechanisms describing particular dynamics of interest within the broader picture of an overall transition. The PSM approach uses three steps to bridge abstraction levels: 1) identify a phenomenon of interest in a specific phase of a transition and on or across levels of the multi-level perspective, 2) specify and operationalize the phenomenon of interest, and 3) identify mechanisms which are (partial) explanations of the phenomenon of interest. The PSM approach is considered useful to bridge levels of abstractions between which policy development must navigate, to empirically ground discussions around abstract frameworks and to transfer insights on relevant mechanisms between cases. An illustrative example from the mobility field is given.     

The emerging aversion to inequality

This paper provides evidence of the changing attitudes to inequality during transition to the market in Poland. Using repeated cross-sections of the population, it identifies a structural break in the relationship between income inequality and satisfaction. Whereas in the first stage of the transition process, an increase in income inequality was interpreted by the population as a positive signal of wider opportunities, later in the transition period increased inequality became a factor in dissatisfaction with the country's economic situation. This was accompanied by increasing public sentiment that the process of income distribution is flawed and corrupt.     

Growth in transition economies: A trade policy perspective1

This paper examines the influence of trade liberalization on GDP growth during the transition from communism. The level of trade liberalization is found to raise the growth rate, particularly in the early part of the transition and for the countries nearest to the European Union. For the remaining countries and for the later transition period, the positive influence of trade reform on growth requires the negative effect of the interaction between trade reform and privatization to be taken into account. Even with the interaction terms the effect of trade liberalization is not statistically significant in the later transition period.