A Brief Talk on The Standards of Translation

Learning and practicing the theory of translation inevitably involves the different standards of translation. We often have different standards toward translation, and the different understandings have influences on our cunduet and the quality of translation work directly. The translators have never stopped the discussing of it, and the debate aroud the standards is acturally about the defination, natural and strategy. These differences are because of the baekgroud, language environment and culture systerm. This essays will analyze and summarize the situation, method and strategy in order to have a better understanding of translation and improve the ability.     

Study on American television news magazine program gt;

With the heat of 60 minutes, television news magazine program came into people＇s eyes and caused a trend of broadcasting news in a news magazine way. The New York Times has called it ＂one of the most esteemed newsmagazines on American television,＂ News magazine program is one of the most important TV program in deep report. It uses the comprehensive arrangement method of magazine, the television dissemination superiority and the method of comment and telling stories and puts different style and content of the news section of small columns together according to column purpose to complete the whole program, which is broadcasted in the fLxed column and time. Among them, the host plays a prominent role. The form of the program takes advantage of special reports and focuses on collecting dynamic news and in the meantime it overcomes their disadvantages. TV news programs focus more on dramatic plot news events and care more about the subjective judgment by the details of the event selection and the expression of picture language to reflect the view of the reporters. This form of program often let the audience understand the conflict of good and evil, beauty and ugliness and naturally accept the value standard that the reporters want to convev.     

The Problems and Strategies for Cultural Industry, Trade and City Development in Chengdu

This paper defines the importance of cultural industry and trade to the development of the city of Chengdu. It alsot ana- lyzes the present situation and problems of the cultural industry and trade in Chengdu. In the end , the author also puts forward the strategies and measures in the aspect of how to combine the cultural trade with city development.     

Commitment,Communication, and Leadership Determine the Leader： A Qualitative Analysis of Businessperson Characteristics Practiced by SME and Family Business Directors

This article outlines the details of an empirical study into the perceptions of small and medium-sized enterprise （SME） directors regarding the concepts of communication and commitment to leadership style and the interpretation of these concepts by way of depth interviews. The commitment by SME directors is represented by the themes of emotional commitment, visibility, financial bond, and personality traits. The communication by SME directors is represented by the themes of empathy, type of information, reaction and personality of the communication. The concept of leadership in the SME sector is typically closely associated to the charismatic leadership and the theory of the inclusive leadership （IL） style. The IL is a representation and use of all of the represented leadership styles depends on a situation. This study can be described as an exploratory study, consisting of qualitative in-depth interviews that were conducted with 19 directors of SMEs in the Netherlands and a qualitative matrix method was utilised.     

Socioeconomic and demographic analysis of occupational patterns in Delhi slums, India

Slums are a major concern for the contemporary urban planners, especially in the developing world. They typically represent an imbalance between migration into cities and economic growth of the city. For a long time, governments have tried to improve the quality of life for the slum dwellers, with varying degree of success. Such efforts understate the need to continually understand various aspects of the slum economics. This article is an attempt to comprehend the socio-demographic and economic patterns of the population in slums of Delhi, India. The study employs the use of field survey technique comprising of questions that tapped the education level, income, gender and occupational status of the respondents. The sample consisted of 5053 participants and further classified as working and non-working population. On the basis of the survey, the occupational patterns are analyzed and classified at three different levels （macro, meso and micro）. The study reveals high degree of positive correlation between the education level, economic status and gender parity in the slums.     

The loyalty based on Nash equilibrium theory between knowledge workers and enterprises

The competitiveness of the enterprises is the talent competition. ＂Talent＂ more often refers to ＂knowledge workers＂, the pillars of the enterprises is composed of knowledge workers. Loyal knowledge employees can enhance the core competitiveness and cohesion of the enterprise. From the Nash equilibrium theory perspective, this paper constructs the mutual loyalty model of knowledge workers and enterprises, analyzes the strategy of choice of knowledge workers and enterprises, gets a balanced strategy of pure and mixed strategy of the Nash equilibrium, and gives some proposals in increasing the mutual loyalty between knowledge workers and enterprises.     

Energy Restructuring in China： Retrospects and Prospects

Thirty years have passed since China first adopted the policy of reform and opening up to the outside. Reviewing and appraising the advantages and disadvantages of the government＇s energy restructuring policy in the intervening years is of great importance to the consideration of future reform and opening-up efforts in this industry. Energy production and supply have been a major part of the national economic restructuring. In this paper, the author proceeds from three angles to review and assess the reform and opening-up efforts in the energy industry, and suggests some direction and priorities for its restrueturing in the future.     

Transaction Costs of Entrepreneurs as a Deterrent of Housing Construction Development in Russia

Nowadays realization process of investment and construction projects is not always effective because of imperfection of institutions regulating construction, high investment risks and, as a consequence, increase transaction costs. The facts of the objective existence of transaction costs in the economy, including housing construction, are researched in the article. We have determined that the transaction costs significantly affect the cost of construction, reduce profit entrepreneurs, and indirectly increase the shortage of housing in Russia. Such parts of modern economics as neoclassical economics and institutional economics are methodological basis of the paper. Logical, economic and legal （institutional）, socio-economic approaches were used during the research of transaction costs function. The authors used the complex of ideas and different methods of sociological and economic analysis that allowed deepening the importance of institutional state regulation of business activity in housing construction area. The classification of transaction costs creation was worked out; this model unlike well-known models considers the most important parts of transaction costs which really exist in business activity of construction companies nowadays; implementation of the model allows calculating and predicting this kind of costs in business. Recently Russian government returns to the questions about efficiency of production （increase of labor productivity, efficiency and profitability of production）, therefore attention to the reduction of transaction costs is going to increase profits and efficiency.     

Workplace isolation and job performance： A study on carpet weaving women

Workplace isolation has been recognized as a critical issue in organizational theory. Studies have found that employees who felt isolated might also show low performance in their organizations. However, there is very little empirical research about the relationship between perceived isolation and job performance, and most of the studies were conducted on salespeople working in the virtual offices. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between workplace isolation and job performance in terms of productivity and emotional outcomes of carpet weaver women. In order to do this, job performance of a sample of 238 employees who were exposed to a radical workplace change was analyzed. The means of the performance variables before and after five years of the workplace change were statistically compared via paired sample t-tests and the results indicated significant differences between pre and post means of the performance variables. A qualitative research was also carried out through a number of in-depth interviews with the carpet weavers to enrich the breadth and depth of the findings. Findings of the qualitative study replicated the results of the quantitative study that monotonous and unsocial working conditions lowered the job performance of the employees.     

The theory of the characteristic agriculture＇s development

The development of characteristic agriculture is the important way to adjust the agricultural structure and increase the farmer＇s income, and improve agricultural competitiveness. Scientific understanding of the basic characteristic agricultural content and features and grasping its basic ideas of development is the fundamentality to guide the economic development of agriculture. Based on the research of other scholars as a reference to agricultural development and based on the actual in Henan characteristic agriculture, we attempt to summarize the feature of the theory of agricultural development which can provide reference for the practices of characteristic agriculture.     

Analysis of Enterprise Resources Diffused Effect in the Parent-Subsidiary Corporation＇s Network System

At first the nature of enterprise resources relationships and Parent-Subsidiary Corporation is discussed and defined. Then the characteristics of Parent-Subsidiary Corporation based on enterprise resources relationships are analyzed in detail. Finally through analyzing the mechanism of resources diffusing, such conclusions Can be got as the following： the improvement of resource matching and diffusing between parent and subsidiary, the enhancement of information integrity On resources diffuseness and the development of resources diffused system benefit for increasing the diffused value of resources between parent and subsidiary,, and improving the value creativity of parent-subsidiary management.     

Measurement of Advertising Effectiveness： How Different Theories About the Relative Importance of Sales vs. Recall/Recognition vs. Emotion Were Popular

The aim of this chapter is to run through the history of marketing research applied to measuring the effectiveness of advertising and deepen in all those theories that have shed light on this aspect and have influenced subsequent theories and models. This historical review offers the opportunity of knowing the past and understanding better the present of market research applied to advertising. It is a chronological analysis to present day, which introduces the development of the explanatory models for the functioning of advertising and the theoretical and empirical contributions in this area.     

Research on the expenditure of Yunnan fiscal on agriculture and its performance

This paper applies stepwise regression to analyze the contribution of Yunnan fiscal expenditure of agriculture to agricultural economy growth and per capita annual income on agriculture of rural inhabitants over the period from 1978 to 2006, and uses Granger causality test to examine the relation of fiscal expenditure and per capita annual income of rural inhabitants and the income differential between urban and rural residents. The results suggest that it is the structure of fiscal expenditure on agriculture rather than the scale that has effect on the income of peasants. Because of the deviation of objectives of fiscal expenditure, the expenditure of agriculture could not narrow the income differential between urban and rural inhabitants.     

Analysis on the internal mechanism forming the capital operation venture of nation-owned enterprises

According to the Capital of Karl Marx, capital aims at realizing the value maintenance and increment during the process of its cycle and turnover. Without the conditions of capital＇s cycle and turnover, it will break off. This will furthermore bring an obstacle to the value maintenance and increment of capital, which is the root of capital operation venture and is also the internal mechanism forming the capital operation venture of nation-owned enterprises.     

Derivative Process Model of Development Power in Industry： Empirical Research and Forecast for Chinese Software Industry and US Economy

Based on the concept and theory of Development Power, this paper analyzes the transferability and the diffusibility of industrial development power, points out that the chaos is the extreme of DP releasing and order is the highest degree of DP accumulating, puts forward A-C strength, the index of adjusting and controlling strength, and sets up the derivative process model for industrial development power on the Partial Distribution By the derivative process model, a kind of time series model, we can describe the process of industrial development effectively, and can forecast the future direction of industry or economy. Finally, by making use of the actual data of Chinese software industry and data of USA GDP （chained） price index, we give the examples of empirical analysis, and forecast the future of Chinese software industry and USA economic development. The conclusions in this paper are believed to be valuable and significant to guide the establishment of the industrial policy and to control the industrial development.     

The game research on reverse logistics of enterprise under complete information state

The construction of reverse logistics system involves the participation of enterprises, government and consumers, among which there are the relationships of resistance and cooperation. As a result, there is game. This article focuses on the roles of enterprises, government and consumers while reverse logistics is in progress, establishing the models in the complete information state among enterprises, between government and enterprises, between consumers and enterprises. Finally, specific measures are suggested on the basis of the game analysis that government, enterprises and consumers should take in the promotion of reverse logistics process. That is, the government should fully play its macroeconomic role to control the enterprises to implement reverse logistics activities; the enterprises should embark from the long-term benefits, and positively implement the reverse logistics; the consumers should embark from their own and environmental benefits and support the enterprise to implement the reverse logistics activity, all of which are to offer the scientific and reasonable theory for the market operation of reverse logistics.     

Study on Chinese Trade Union Enterprises Management System Innovation

Although the reform of the system management of Chinese Trade Union Enterprises has made great progress, there are still many factors that are unsuitable for the rules of market economy and go against the long-term development of the Trade Union Enterprises. This paper proposes the innovation of the notion and theory and clarifies the target of the management of Chinese Trade Union Enterprises. Moreover,＇ for the system innovation of the trade union enterprises, the author gives suggestions on establishing and developing the artificial person management construction gradually, push forward the reform of the trade union enterprises, to establish the sound promotion and restriction mechanism, and cultivate the enterprisers of the trade union enterprises.     

Large Family Card as an Instrument of Supporting Families With Many Children

The aim of the article is to assess the efficacy of the large family card and its relevance to the real needs of families with many children, using the example of Poland. The large family card is a general term standing for locally implemented programmes that are aimed at families with many children. The idea behind the programme is to create a positive image of a large family. The very name of the programme serves the purpose of combating negative stereotypes and presenting large families as active and resourceful. The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted with cardholders and implementers of programs in selected Polish cities （questionnaire survey and focus group interviews with participants and interviews with program coordinators from 15 programs）. Empirical research was conducted in the period from December 2013 to April 2014, and was funded by the National Science Centre. The study included all programs started by the end of2011. The conclusions enable a number of anomalies and weaknesses of the programs to be seen and indicate directions for further development of this promising initiative. The program is perceived very positively by large families, although it has little influence on family situation. Apart from its positive impact on the diversification of sports and recreation activities, it does not basically play any role in supporting the condition of the family. Neither healthcare nor the educational aspect is attractive enough to interest the family. The basic reason for the low quality of programs is primarily the lack of proper communication and knowledge about the real problems affecting large families.     

Information and communication technologies as an incentive for improving relationships in Business to Business markets

The managerial theory as well as the practice of the industries consider the relationships of collaboration between enterprises, the most important resources for business strategy, contributing in the creation of value and economic capital, sustainability of the competitive advantage and also in the definition of innovative ways of enterprise development.
The management of these capacities could improve from the sustaining information and communication technologies （ICT）. The impact that ICT may have in the relations between clients and suppliers, is not entirely elaborated. The use of ICT, based also in the intense connectivity through Internet remains limited when speaking of some activities that generate value. The effects of interconnecting Internet technologies are even now partially unexplored.
This paper will analyze how ICT affect the collaboration relationships between clients and suppliers and related processes of creating value, focusing on the value drivers in Business to Business （B2B） markets, value process in the supply chain and client-supplier relationships and B2B E-marketplaces in the processes of creating and delivering value in the supply chain. Examples of European companies as well as the stage of Albanian companies in relation with these concepts illustrate the ideas throughout the paper.     

Cost Effectiveness Analyses Models in the Defence System in Republic Bulgaria

The thesis resulting from the research on the ＂costs-effects＂ relation is the principle of economic efficiency of defence capabilities. At first glance, the arguments in this direction are well-known and popular in crisis situations of various nature, including the current financial and economic crisis in the country, and the question about the cost of public welfare-security and defence is debatable. This cost is manifested through the defence capabilities of a country. In the new security environment, the compilation of a national defence strategy is a priority of the Defence Ministry, which has more and more limited resources. This means that they should be treated as an economic activity. An economic activity is considered as any purposeful activity, allocating and combining scarce resources among alternatives, making it possible to maximize the outcomes and minimize costs. The ratio between the costs and benefits of a given resource or combination of resources to achieve a pre-defined objective is pushed to the forefront and the rationalization of management decisions is based on it. This necessitates a cost effectiveness analysis, hence the evaluation of the outcomes （benefits） is manifested in the ＂cost-effect （benefit）＂ analysis. Defence as a product has the basic features of any commodity or service, i.e. it is designed for exchange, is useful, and meets certain needs. But due to the fact that it meets very specific needs （,preservation of the territorial integrity of the country and improving its national security）, it is distinguished by certain features which may be summarized as follows： collectivity of production and consumption of defence as a product necessary to the public, expressed by its consumption indivisibility; lack of market valuation of the price of defence as a product upon its consumption （as a monetary expression of its value）; the usefulness of defence as a product is reflected in its capacity to meet the system＇s needs for security and defence, which dete