Liquidity and conditional portfolio choice: A nonparametric investigation

This paper studies the relation between liquidity and optimal portfolio allocations. Given that the portfolio problem of a constant relative risk aversion investor does not have a closed-form solution, we use a nonparametric approach to estimate the optimal allocations. Using a sample of NYSE stocks from 1963–2000, we find that the optimal portfolio weight in small stocks is strongly increasing in liquidity at short daily and weekly horizons. This result is consistent for three different measures of liquidity: price impact, dollar volume, and turnover. However, liquidity does not influence the optimal portfolio choice for large stocks, nor for longer monthly investment horizons.     

市场约束、流动性援助与存款保险——基于银行审慎经营的激励兼容分析

银行审慎经营是金融稳定的微观基础，而银行治理过程中利益相关者的动态均衡是银行审慎经营的保证。市场约束是利益相关者参与银行治理的外部机制，流动性援助和存款保险是维护金融稳定的安全设施，市场约束、流动性援助和存款保险的激励兼容才能增加银行审慎经营可能性。在一定的制度设施基础上。完善市场约束，减少流动性援助和存款保险带来的道德风险，建立一个市场约束、流动性援助和存款保险激励兼容的外部框架有利于银行的审慎经营。     

流动性导流——中国货币需求及现阶段流动性过剩问题研究

近年来,流动性过剩成为了我国宏观经济的要害性问题.所谓"流动性导流",就是将目前过剩的流动性通过若干可能的渠道疏导到实体经济之外,使之基本不对实体经济产生负面影响.我国流动性过剩是由外向型经济结构引起的外汇过多流人造成的,在经济结构短期内难以根本改变且人民币升值预期难以根本逆转的情况下,只能从疏导过多流动性的角度来寻找防治通胀之道.具体的疏导渠道包括将一部分流动性导向境外和在境内扩大虚拟经济以吸收一部分流动性.后者是解决当前通胀压力和股市扩容压力的一箭双雕之策,也是本文的新观点所在.     

流动性过剩的机理分析

流动性过剩是世界经济发展中出现的一个新问题。但流动性是什么,流动性过剩指的又是什么,国内外的学者们都有不同见解。既然流动性过剩一词是作为对世界经济运行状态的表述,则其合理的内核应该是一致的。只有弄清什么是流动性、什么是流动性过剩,我们才能对流动性过剩问题做更进一步的研究。本文以凯恩斯对流动性的理解为基础,构建了一个流动性过剩的理论框架,提出了流动性过剩的判断标准及其存在的前提条件,以此为流动性过剩的深入研究做一些有益的探讨。     

Liquidity risk and policy options

On the basis of a liquidity management model, liquidity risks, defined as the probability of payment failures in a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) payment system, may either stem from liquidity management inefficiencies or insufficient cash balances. I will show that penalties charged on the amount of payment failures minimise liquidity risks without interfering with the bank’s technology preferences. I will instead show that liquidity requirements, although as effective as penalties to contain the risk of liquidity shortage, may distort the bank’s technology preferences and cannot stem liquidity management inefficiencies. I will also show that liquidity risks within RTGS payment systems are potentially smaller because they depend more on the liquidity management efficiency than on the randomness of cash inflows and outflows.     

我国开放式基金流动性风险的防范研究

针对我国目前开放式基金业面临的巨额赎回所造成的流动性风险,通过对开放式基金的流动性风险成因进行分析,提出防范流动性风险的方法:针对投资者的不同需求,设计多种个性化基金及赎回方式,使开放式基金的负债与资产的流动性和收益性相匹配,达到事前有效防范流动性风险的目的。     

我国保本基金的保本策略研究

保本基金作为一种国际上流行的基金品种,在我国已取得了一定的发展,但由于国内金融市场的特殊性,保本基金保本策略的创新和应用仍然处于较初级的阶段。随着股指期货的推出,各种创新型保本策略在国内有了较大的发展空间。本文结合当前我国金融市场环境,将股指期货引入保本基金策略,并运用实证分析、Monte Carlo模拟的方法对各种策略的优势、局限性以及适用情况进行全面的评估与比较,为其实际应用提供有价值的理论参考。     

基于资产期限结构的流动性过剩的内涵、测度与因子分析

本文基于资产期限结构探讨了流动性过剩的内涵,并对流动性过剩进行了定量测度和因子分析,在此基础上,提出了流动性过剩的管理思路与策略。基于资产期限结构的流动性过剩可以分解为一期滞后流动性过剩、货币期限结构与均衡比例期限升水变化率三个因子,实证分析结果表明,三个因子的均衡值均呈现季度循环的特征。中央银行应明确流动性过剩的下限和上限,在同一年度内应采取流动性管理策略保持流动性稳定提高,在不同年度应保持高流动性过剩与低流动性过剩之间的转换。为实现流动性过剩季度循环的均衡路径并使其保持在上下限范围内,中央银行可以选择流动性管理工具依据季度循环的特征调控货币期限结构与均衡比例期限升水。     

Liquidity and market incompleteness

This note shows that according to Lippman and McCall’s (Am Econ Rev 76, 43–55, 1986) operational definition of liquidity, incomplete markets are a necessary condition for illiquidity. This note is a revised subset of a larger paper that circulated under the name of “Liquidity as an Insurance Problem” (Zurita 2001). I am grateful to Luis Ahumada, David K. Levine, Raimundo Soto, Gert Wagner, Federico Weinschelbaum and seminar participants at UCLA, Summer Meeting of the Econometric Society, Banco Central de Chile, LACEA, Jornadas de Economía del Banco Central del Uruguay, and ILADES, for their helpful comments, as well as the feedback of an anonymous referee. Financial support from Vicerrectoría Académica de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile is gratefully acknowledged.     

化解流动性过剩的财税政策研究

流动性过剩已经成为当前宏观经济运行中亟待解决的问题。本文以财税政策为基点,从贸易顺差、资本流入、外汇占款等方面,分析了当前流动性过剩的成因,并探讨了缓解流动性过剩的财税政策,包括:利用出口退税及进出口关税等税收杠杆调节贸易顺差,通过内外资企业所得税法合并(以下简称"两法合并")抑制"假外资"流入,财政部发行特别国债对冲外汇占款等。     

当前国际上商业银行流动性风险的变化与监管趋势

本文分析了商业银行流动性风险的特殊性,以及当前国际上商业银行流动性风险的变化与监管趋势,通过借鉴国际发展趋势和吸取中外历史教训,探讨了我国商业银行流动性风险管理与监管可获得的启示.     

Marketing Period Risk in a Portfolio Context: Comment and Extension

This paper re-examines and extends the findings of Bond et al., Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 34, 447–461, (2007) who consider the theoretical model of Lin and Vandell, Real Estate Economics, 35, 291–330, (2007) to determine the extent to which individual real estate asset return characteristics caused by marketing period risk disappear in a large, diversified real estate portfolio. The effects of marketing period risk are found to disappear in the limit with growth in the size of the portfolio, with ex ante variance approaching ex post variance, but only if the portfolio consists of nonsystematic risk alone, in which case both approach zero. The marketing period risk factor (MPRF), representing the ratio of ex ante to ex post variance, however, does not in general approach zero in the limit, in fact could increase or decrease depending upon the illiquidity characteristics of the individual assets and the magnitude and degree of correlation among individual property returns and marketing periods. The results suggest that even large institutional real estate portfolio managers must consider the illiquidity present in their portfolios and cannot assume that its effect will be diversified away.

次贷危机期间我国流动性管理操作评析——基于流动性测度

本文运用相对指标法设计真实货币缺口系数来测度我国在次贷危机期间的流动性状况,并对流动性供给状况进行了区间划分。在此基础上,本文归纳了人民银行流动性管理的操作实践,并对其实践效果进行评析,指出引进计量模型用于流动性测度的必要性,认为人民银行的流动性管理操作基本满足我国流动性管理需求,流动性管理工具的作用效果存在差异,其中法定存款准备金率对于调整货币供给量的作用不明显,再贴现政策的恰当使用强化了政策的综合效应。     

Liquidity and capital structure

We examine the relation between equity market liquidity and capital structure. We find that firms with more liquid equity have lower leverage and prefer equity financing when raising capital. For example, after sorting firms into size quintiles and then into liquidity quintiles, the average debt-to-asset ratio of the most liquid quintiles is about 38% while the average for the least liquid quintiles is 55%. Similar results are observed in panel analyses with clustered errors and using instrumental variables. Our results are consistent with equity market liquidity lowering the cost of equity and, therefore, inducing a greater reliance on equity financing.     

论中央银行视角下的微观流动性管理

随着金融市场的快速发展,中央银行的流动性管理越来越多地通过金融市场的平台来进行。金融机构作为金融市场的主要参与者,其流动性管理模式应当纳入中央银行的考察视野。为此,本文从宏观与微观流动性的基本定义出发,分析了中央银行宏观流动性管理与金融机构微观流动性管理的内涵与联系,以及中央银行关注微观流动性管理的必要性。最后,本文就如何关注微观流动性管理问题提出了几点建议。     

Liquidity risk and syndicate structure

We decompose syndicated loan risk into credit, market, and liquidity risk and test how these shape syndicate structure. Commercial banks dominate relative to non-banks in loan syndicates that expose lenders to liquidity risk. This dominance is most pronounced when borrowers have high levels of credit or market risk. We then tie commercial banks’ advantage in liquidity risk to access to transactions deposits by comparing investments across banks. The results suggest that risk-management considerations matter most for participants relative to lead arrangers. Links from transactions deposits to liquidity exposure, for instance, are more than 50% larger at participants than at lead arrangers.     

影子银行体系与流动性管理

影子银行体系具有特殊的形成机理,是金融抑制制度背景下的博弈产物。目前,影子银行体系在金融市场上以证券化的方式创造流动性,容易在短期内出现从流动性过剩到流动性紧缩的转变,造成宏观经济的不稳定,需要作出必要的监管安排。     

流动性、风险收益与B股市场境外投资者行为

通过对B股市场的流动性、风险及国外投资者的投资动机进行了研究和度量后发现,B股市场对内开放的确加强了它的流动性,但是B股市场波动风险依然高于A股市场,且国外投资者投资B股市场受流动性变化影响不大,因为其他们投资的主要目的不是分散风险而是获取超额预期回报率。因而,在B股市场存废问题在短期内不能解决的情况下,加强B股市场管理,改善市场结构,对国外投资者的投资行为进行合理的监督和引导是完善B股市场的非常重要的举措。     

Risk Mutualization and Competition in Insurance Markets

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of mutual firms on competition in the insurance market. We distinguish two actors in this market: mutual firms, which belong to their pooled members, and traditional companies, which belong to their shareholders. Our approach differs from the literature by one crucial assumption: the expected utility of the consumers depends on the size of their insurance firm, which generates network externalities in this market. Thus, the choice of a contract results in a trade-off between the premium level and the probability of that premium being ex-post adjusted. The optimal contract offered by a mutual firm involves a systematic ex-post adjustment (negative or positive), while the contracts a company offers imply a fixed premium that is possibly negatively adjusted at the end of the contractual period. In an oligopoly game, we show that three types of configurations are possible at equilibrium: either one mutual firm or insurance company is active, or a mixed structure emerges in which two or more companies share the market with or without a mutual firm.     

现阶段我国商业银行流动性过剩问题及对策研究

流动性管理是商业银行的生命线。上个世纪末国内商业银行出现了持续性的流动性过剩,引起了理论界、实务界的普遍关注。本文考察了商业银行流动性管理理论的发展,分析了我国商业银行流动性问题发展阶段、特点,提出了商业银行改善流动性管理的政策建议。