城市生态化雨洪管理系统构建技术方法和途径

作为缓解城市防洪排涝压力、建设海绵城市的重要途径,近年有关城市生态化雨洪管理的探索与实践层出不穷。如何协调生态化雨洪管理复杂系统中并存的水文过程控制要求、场地空间限制与景观需求引发了业界的广泛思考。从生态化雨洪管控的影响因素入手,提出由水文、规划和景观三部分构成的生态化雨洪管理系统构建体系框架,并明确了系统中三者间的作用和相互关系。该体系借助水文过程分析方法,建立起城市空间与雨洪管理功能需求间的密切联系,并通过景观营造,实现城市生态化雨洪管理系统的地域性和实操性。最后,以福州市江北城区为例对生态化雨洪管理系统构建的步骤、内容和方法予以阐释,不仅可为中国海绵城市建设实施提供参考,而且有利于促进相关学科间的交叉融合。     

Why garden for wildlife? Social and ecological drivers,motivations and barriers for biodiversity management in residential landscapes

Residential landscapes with private gardens are major land covers in cities and their sustainable management is paramount for achieving a resilient urban future. Here we focus on the value of residential ecosystems for biodiversity conservation and explore the social and ecological factors that influence wildlife-friendly garden management. Using a stratified sampling design across the UK city of Leeds, this interdisciplinary study develops and applies a mixed method approach, including questionnaires, interviews and ecological surveys across multiple spatial scales. We quantify wildlife-friendly gardening using two measures: (i) the number of wildlife-friendly features within gardens (the wildlife resources index, WRI); and (ii) the frequency of winter bird feeding. Wildlife-friendly gardening is influenced by a combination of garden characteristics and management intensity, householder demographics, wider environmental activity and landscape context. Residents reveal a range of motivations for wildlife-friendly gardening, notably personal well-being and a moral responsibility to nature. Respondents expressed a duty to maintain neighbourhood standards, revealing that social norms are a considerable barrier to uptake of wildlife-friendly activities, but also provide an opportunity where neighbour mimicry results in diffusion of wildlife-friendly practices. Community-driven initiatives that engage, educate and empower residents are better placed to encourage wildlife-friendly gardening than top-down financial incentives.     

战略导向、创新能力禀赋与国际化研发强度__基于我国上市公司数据的分析

从影响我国企业研发国际化战略的内生性要素出发,分析了其当前战略中市场导向性和技术导向性与国际化研发强度之间的关系,并从资源角度探讨了企业创新能力禀赋的中介传导作用。在此基础上,以商务部境外投资企业目录中建有海外研发机构的254家上市公司为样本,应用泊松回归对理论分析进行了检验。结果表明:对于存在显著国际化研发战略意图的我国企业来说,其当前战略的市场导向性对国际化研发强度具有显著的抑制作用,而战略的技术导向性对国际化研发具有显著的激发作用;创新能力禀赋对国际化研发强度具有显著正向影响,并且在战略的技术导向性影响国际化研发过程中具有部分中介传导作用。因此,顺应经济高质量发展的时代需要,树立创新为本的战略导向,构建创新发展理念和创新文化传承,强化创新资源和能力的持续积累是我国企业推进国际化研发战略的重要手段。     

妥协景观思想及其对中国风景园林实践的启迪

追溯了奥德姆“妥协环境”概念原型、莱尔的“人文生态系统”妥协景观思想雏形以及中国语境的“天人不相胜”思想，认为妥协景观既是一种自然-人工生态系统类型，也是一种人与自然交互型的土地利用类型，还是一种指导风景园林规划实践的思想方法。基于此认识，进一步探讨了“妥协景观”思想对当代中国国土空间区划以及风景园林生态规划实践范式的启迪，最终通过案例分析“妥协景观”思想的具体实践途径。     

国家重点生态功能区自然资源资产评估框架与方法研究

针对不同类型自然资源资产,构建自然资源资产核算指标体系和评价方法,是国家重点生态功能区自然资源资产评价与管理的迫切需求。论文从土地覆盖和利用、林业、草原、土壤、水、矿物等自然资源和生物多样性等方面入手,在全面评估县、市、省和国家级自然资源资产核算相关数据的可用性和质量基础上,基于国际和中国已有的做法,包括SEEA-2012账户、国家统计局提出的土地—森林—水账户等,制定可纳入国家重点生态功能区自然资源资产评估框架的账户清单;从存量和流量核算、自然资源资产和生态系统资产的经济与生态功能、实物量等角度开发了一套评估方法工具。选择秦巴生物多样性生态功能区作为试点地区进行了案例应用研究,检验评估方法的合理性与适用性。该研究方法可为相关重点生态功能区进行自然资源资产评估核算与管理提供重要技术方法支撑。     

Identifying cost-effective hotspots for restoring natural capital and enhancing landscape multifunctionality

Much effort is expended toward planning for conservation, natural resource management and sustainable land use in agricultural landscapes. Although often not explicitly stated, the aims of these efforts are often to restore natural capital for the provision of ecosystem services and stimulate multifunctionality in landscapes. However, the scarcity of resources for, and the potential economic impact of, ameliorative actions that restore natural capital necessitates the identification of cost-effective geographic priorities, or hotspots, which provide multiple ecosystem goods and services. This requires the integrated spatial modelling of multiple environmental and economic processes accompanied by clear goals and performance indicators. Identification of hotspots provides guidance for highly targeted land use change that cost-effectively adds to the stocks of natural capital in a landscape. Additionally, the multifunctionality of the landscape can be increased through the provision of multiple ecosystem goods and services. This paper begins by examining data requirements for identifying geographic hotspots for land use change. This study integrates traditionally disparate landscape-scale biophysical and economic data and models. The elements of natural capital considered here are species and ecosystems, soil and water resources, and the atmosphere. It is demonstrated that locating ameliorative actions towards hotspots will be more cost-effective at restoring natural capital and stimulating landscape multifunctionality than a random targeting approach. We calculate these efficiencies using a small set of indicators for assessing aspects of multifunctionality. The focus of this study is the agricultural landscapes of the Lower Murray region of south-eastern Australia.     

Sustainable management of extensively managed savanna rangelands

Classic rangeland theory advocates stocking rangelands at relatively low and constant levels. This theory has been labelled inappropriate for savanna rangelands, because savannas are strongly influenced by stochastic processes. Opportunistic strategies that force animal numbers to track available forage have been proposed as an alternative management paradigm. However, no studies have examined whether these opportunistic strategies are sustainable or optimal. We developed a simulation model of a savanna rangeland to identify optimal, sustainable strategies for the management of extensive rangelands. We optimised the utility of agents who are motivated by economic, production or ecological factors under both deterministic and stochastic conditions. In all cases we found that it was optimal to manage the system conservatively and not opportunistically. Moreover, it was optimal to manage more conservatively under stochastic conditions. Key elements of the conservative strategy were to stock at low levels and to use fire to control tree abundance and thereby maintain the system in a grass dominated state. We conclude that opportunistic strategies of range management although intuitively appealing are not optimal.     

珠三角基塘景观格局演变特征及驱动 因素研究——以佛山顺德区为例

基塘系统作为一种水陆相互作用的人工复合农业生 态系统,是珠三角地区乡土景观的重要组成部分。近年来,随 着城镇化的快速发展,基塘系统的景观格局发生巨大改变,其 农业生产功能和生态功能逐渐退化。以佛山顺德区为例,基于 1979—2020年的Landsat遥感影像进行ENVI解译,在此基 础上利用9个景观指数研究区域基塘景观格局的演变规律,并 对其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明,1979—2020年,顺德 区基塘、耕地和林地向建设用地转化明显,整体景观呈现非均 衡化趋势分布;基塘景观的破碎度不断增加,优势度和团聚程 度下降,部分基塘逐渐萎缩。驱动因素分析结果表明,人文因 素是影响顺德区景观格局变化的主要因素,具有负向效应的空 间推动作用。     

面向国土景观风貌管控的中国国家 公园空间布局研究

中国国家公园作为自然保护地的主体,在国土尺度 下保护具有代表性景观风貌发挥着重要作用。中国国家公园体 制建设尚处于起步阶段,国家公园的空间布局成为体制建设的 核心问题。合理规划中国国家公园整体空间布局,有助于在国 土尺度下进行景观风貌管控。景观风貌是一定范围内景观特征 的反映。通过引入景观特征评估方法,制定了用于遴选国家公 园的综合区划方案,分析了国家公园建设潜在区域,并在此基 础上结合分析各国国家公园的面积、离散度等指标,对中国 国家公园空间布局关键指标进行限定,以期对中国国家公园 的整体空间布局提供参考。主要结论如下：1)中国景观特征 综合区划方案包括7个一级景观特征区域、115个二级景观特 征区;2)国土面积的25.12%可以作为国家公园建设潜在区 域;3)建议国家公园设立的数量为65~133个,国家公园总面 积占国土面积的5.23%~10.70%。     

A 3D theoretical model for green management：a case study of Chinese enterprises

Companies that not only abide by environmental regulations, but also discover new techniques and adopt newmanagement methods to reduce negative environmental impacts often have positive effects on corporate profitability. Inorder to meet the needs of sustainability of enterprises and protect environment, the concept of green management isdeveloped and regarded as an important direction of management theory of the 21st century. Though there are manytheories and practices about green management in western countries, they are built based on the developed marketeconomy, which are not suitable for Chinese enterprises absolutely. By analyzing the viewpoints and models of theoverseas and domestic experts and scholars, combining characteristic of China＇s market economy, this paper points outthe real connotation of enterprise green management - the combination of ecological harmony （harmony between humanand nature） with human harmony （harmony among people）, establishes a 3D theoretical model, points out the defects ofenterprise＇s green management in China, reanalyzes and redesigned enterprise green management, which paves the wayfor the deeper and broader development of green management.     

Biological conservation in dynamic agricultural landscapes: Effectiveness of public policies and trade-offs with agricultural production

Land use change and land management intensification are major drivers of biodiversity loss, especially in agricultural landscapes, that cover a large and increasing share of the world's surface. Incentive-based agri-environmental policies are designed to influence farmers' land-use decisions in order to mitigate environmental degradation. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes for biological conservation in a dynamic agricultural landscape under economic uncertainty. We develop a dynamic ecological economic model of agricultural land-use and spatially explicit population dynamics. We then relate policies (subsidies to grassland, taxation of agricultural intensity) to the ecological outcome (probability of persistence of a species of interest). We also analyze the associated trade-offs between agricultural production (in value) and biological conservation (in probability of persistence) at the landscape scale.     

Economic implications of maintaining rangeland ecosystem health in a semi-arid savanna

A simulation model was used to determine the ecological and economic consequences of managing stocking rate on semi-arid savanna rangeland continuously stocked with livestock to achieve the alternate management goals: (1) maintaining current range condition, (2) maximizing profit, or (3) improving range condition over a 30-year time frame. We developed values for end of the year herbaceous standing crop and utilization required to attain these management goals for rangeland in poor to excellent condition. Based on extensive field research conducted in this region over 5 decades, range condition in this model is programmed to decline in response to three factors: excessive grazing pressure, below average precipitation, and an increase in woody plants. Earning capacity is four times higher for range in excellent condition than that in poor condition. For all initial range condition (RC) values, simulated stocking rates that maintained RC resulted in simulated mean weaning weights 93-94% of maximum. Maximum short-term and long-term profit is attained at higher stocking rates than would maintain long-term range condition and at much higher levels than would increase range condition levels. When stocked for maximum profit, individual animal performance was 90% of maximum. The model predicts that low stocking rates allow range condition to improve. At these recovery stocking rates, total 30-year profits were found to be 78%-87% of the stocking rates that would maintain range condition, and only 67%-75% of stocking rates that would maximize profit. Predictions of the end of year standing crop to maintain range condition were in broad agreement with the 1000 kg ha^− 1 advised for this region. To improve range condition, the model predicts that an end of year standing crop of 1500-2000 kg ha^− 1 is required, compared to the generally advised level of 1200-1500 kg ha^− 1. The predicted end of year forage standing crops for the maximum profit goal are well below the advised 800 kg ha^− 1 threshold required to prevent degradation for all of the initial range conditions that were simulated. To ensure maintenance of range in excellent condition, our results concur with the advised utilization levels of 20-25%. However, for range in poorer than excellent condition, the model predicted much lower utilization levels were needed to maintain or improve range condition.     

生态修复背景下园林园艺类博览会 植物景观营建研究

在生态文明建设的大背景下,生态修复已经成为 中国园林园艺类博览会的热点亮点,这对植物景观营建提出 了新的要求和挑战。通过回顾我国综合性园林园艺类博览会 在生态修复方面的探索,结合科学绿化的建设要求,提出生 态修复背景下园林园艺类博览会中植物景观营建的目标需要 综合生态、城市景观、城市事件的三重要求,遵循问题与目 标导向相结合、人工修复和自然恢复相结合、景观塑造和群 落营造相结合的工作要点。综合国内外相关植物景观营建实 践,探讨在全园规划尺度、展园设计尺度和展后利用方面如 何将生态修复和植物景观营建实践相结合,为今后园林园艺 类博览会以及更大范围的风景园林生态修复实践提供参考。     

大地艺术在景观设计中的再认识

从国外优秀的景观设计及大地艺术作品的分析中,可以看出大地艺术在表现形式、场所性、符号性、功能性、生态思想等方面与景观设计是互相融合的,这一结论可为大地艺术在景观设计中的认识提供了一种新的思路。     

乡村收缩背景下乡村景观价值衰减现象 及机制研究——以重庆市大足区玉峰村为例

当前快速城镇化伴生的“乡村收缩”现象对乡村 景观产生巨大冲击，威胁其价值维持。立足乡村景观价值衰 减现象和机制的解读，通过质性分析方法对重庆市大足区玉 峰村的半结构访谈数据进行编码和解译，以实证方式论证乡 村景观价值的衰减感知与作用机理。研究发现，乡风民俗淡 化、空间风貌衰败、田园景观破损及生态环境退化在村民关 于景观价值衰减的现象感知中呈现强度递减趋势，而社会结 构退化、文化土壤消解、生产关系弱化和土地利用转化等作 用机制则是由深入浅地诱发乡村景观价值衰减的关键因素。 据此，建议后续应从历史保护、文化再生、产业构建和规划 管控等角度加强乡村景观价值的保护和提升工作。     

Improved rangeland management with an Earth Resource Survey system

Recent advances in communications and satellite technology now make it possible to provide large, synoptic imagery of the earth's surface at relatively low cost. This paper reports on acase study that was designed to estimate the benefits that might be realized by rangeland managers from an Earth Resources Survey system. Information needs and current practices are first discussed and then related to available remote sensing and data distribution techniques. The analysis showed that cost savings from an applications system would be broadly evident in the areas of resource re-allocation, range productivity, and livestock management. Depending upon the assumptions concerning the discount rate and factors affecting technological diffusion, total benefits were estimated to range from $38.7 million to $115.4 million over 10-year operational period.     

企业技术创新效率双生态模型构建

在分析企业技术创新效率相关研究的基础上,引入“摄取-同化-生长-利用”这一生态过程和能流概念解释企业技术创新效率,利用分形理论将企业技术创新生态分为内外两类生态系统,构建了“一个链条、两类生态、四种关系”的双生态模型。该模型体现了平衡、循环、发展等生态理念和管理哲学思想。梳理了创新生态系统下企业技术创新效率分析思路,为后续理论与实证研究搭建了概念框架。     

产业集群生态化运作模式对企业成长的影响

产业集群生态化运作为企业提供了不同于传统集群的生长资源和环境,在生态化运作过程中,集群目标设置、空间结构、种群规模、管理要素与运作机制相辅相成,构成其生态化运作维度。以生态化清洁生产外延、网络协同共生、集群核心企业生产链条延伸3种模式进行生态化运作时,集群运作维度呈现出不同特征,构建了企业成长的不同环境、结构和关系力量,形成集群企业成长的约束条件。基于此,在集群的每一种生态化运作模式下,主导产业和关联产业的企业表现出不同成长状态。     

基于景观生态学的旅游公路路域景观 现状与生态敏感性研究

：选取青海扎碾旅游公路为研究对象,充分考虑其路 域景观环境的特点,从景观生态学的角度,基于遥感影像和 ArcGIS软件,在景观格局空间分析的基础上,分别从可视视 域、丹霞地貌面积比、喀斯特地貌面积比、草地面积比、林地 面积比、农田面积比、居民点密度和景观综合指数几个方面对 路域景观进行分析与评价,从而得出扎碾旅游公路沿线路域景 观特点。研究成果可为旅游公路的后续景观设计与营造、生态 恢复等方面提供数据参考。     

Dynamic modeling of environmental amenity-driven migration with ecological feedbacks

Environmental amenity-driven migration presents a double-edged sword to policy makers concerned with both economic and ecological sustainability. Clearly the protection of environmental amenities is important, but what is the right balance between ecosystem protection and regional economic processes that simultaneously respond to and degrade ecological resources? We consider this question in the context of households that are attracted to a region by urban and lake amenities and a lake ecosystem that becomes degraded by land development. An analytical expression for the time evolution of population is derived from households' and firms' optimizing behaviors. Numerical methods with phase plane diagrams are used to study the steady state and transient dynamics of the resulting population-phosphorus coupled system. The system is found to be bi-stable under a range of parameter values with one attractor corresponding to a desired “balanced” economy-ecology state and the other to a very small population base with fully restored ecology. We examine the dynamics and quantify the resilience of the system in and away from the balanced steady state using phase plane diagrams that demarcate the two domains of attraction. Economic-ecological interactions fundamentally alter regional economic dynamics and influence the resilience of the balanced domain of attraction. For example, a one percent increase in the loadings coefficient associated with residential land development generates a three percent decline in the resilience of the balanced state. We find that economic feedbacks often increase system resilience. Initial increases in the attraction of urban amenities spur greater population growth that increases the resilience of the balanced state. In addition, price feedbacks that arise from capitalized (dis)amenities increase the resilience of the system to bad ecological shocks.